{"id":7323,"date":"2025-04-10T22:09:05","date_gmt":"2025-04-10T14:09:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ptsmake.com\/?p=7323"},"modified":"2025-04-10T23:47:51","modified_gmt":"2025-04-10T15:47:51","slug":"kovar-machining-top-challenges-solutions-key-applications","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/kovar-machining-top-challenges-solutions-key-applications\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0643\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a: \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u0647\u0644 \u062c\u0631\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0648 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u0646\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 - \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 (CTE) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 Kovar \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/h4>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/th>\n<th>\u0646\u064a (%)<\/th>\n<th>Co (%)<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f (%)<\/th>\n<th>\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0643\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<td>29<\/td>\n<td>17<\/td>\n<td>53-54<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648C<\/td>\n<td>ASTM F15<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0646\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0643<\/td>\n<td>29<\/td>\n<td>17<\/td>\n<td>53-54<\/td>\n<td>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 42<\/td>\n<td>42<\/td>\n<td>0.5<\/td>\n<td>57.5<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648C<\/td>\n<td>UNS K94100<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0631 36<\/td>\n<td>36<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>64<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648C<\/td>\n<td>UNS K93600<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<h4>\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 ASTM F15<\/h4>\n<p>ASTM F15 \u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0640 Kovar. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \"\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626\u064b\u0627\" \u0644 Kovar\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a ASTM F15. \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 ASTM F15 \u0648Kovar \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0646\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0643<\/h4>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 NILO K \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0640 Kovar \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b. \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621. \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0643 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0644 \u0643\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0631<\/h3>\n<h4>\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 42 (42% \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f 42)<\/h4>\n<p>\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 42 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0643\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 (42%) \u0648\u062a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b<\/li>\n<li>\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0644 Kovar<\/li>\n<li>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.engineeringtoolbox.com\/linear-expansion-coefficients-d_95.html\">\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:1\"><a href=\"#fn:1\" class=\"footnote-ref\">1<\/a><\/sup> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 42 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0631 36<\/h4>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a Invar 36 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 36% \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 (\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629)\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u063a\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \"\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644\" \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626 \u0643\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0631 \"\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644\" \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646<\/strong>: \u0643\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0623\u0648 ASTM F15 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 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\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 Invar \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0641\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/ptsmake2025.04.09-1824Precision-Machined-Metal-Parts.webp\" alt=\"\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0650\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0631\"><figcaption>\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0631<\/h3>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0631\u060c 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\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u064864% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f. \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d Invar \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f. \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep07043\">\u0634\u0630\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:2\"><a href=\"#fn:2\" class=\"footnote-ref\">2<\/a><\/sup> \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0635\u0641\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<td>5.5 \u00d7 10^6\u00d710^6\/\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 (20-400 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629)<\/td>\n<td>1.3 \u00d7 10^6\u00d710^6\/\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 (20-100 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647<\/td>\n<td>20-400\u00b0C<\/td>\n<td>20-100\u00b0C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/td>\n<td>\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0635\u064f\u0645\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 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\u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 (483-552 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644)\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 45,000 \u064855,000 \u0631\u0637\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 (310-379 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644). \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0646\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 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\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629\"><figcaption>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>Kovar (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 ASTM F15) \u0647\u064a \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 Kovar \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647 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\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 (\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a)<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u062a\u0631\u064a)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649<\/td>\n<td>70,000-80,000 \u0631\u0637\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629<\/td>\n<td>483-552 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f<\/td>\n<td>45,000-55,000 \u0631\u0637\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629<\/td>\n<td>310-379 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<td>30-40%<\/td>\n<td>30-40%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<td>80-85 \u0631\u0648\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0628<\/td>\n<td>150-170 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0643\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/h4>\n<p>\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 80-85 (\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 150-170 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627). \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a. \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n<h4>\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638\u0647 \u0628\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 400 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 (752 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u062a)\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629<\/td>\n<td>100%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>200 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 (392 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u062a)<\/td>\n<td>~90%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>400 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 (752 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u062a)<\/td>\n<td>~75%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>600 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 (1112 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u062a)<\/td>\n<td>~50%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0642\u0648\u0629 Kovar \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629:<\/p>\n<h4>\u0643\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0631 \u0636\u062f \u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0631<\/h4>\n<p>\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0631 (Fe-36Ni) \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a<\/th>\n<th>\u0643\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0631<\/th>\n<th>\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0631<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649<\/td>\n<td>483-552 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644<\/td>\n<td>450-500 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f<\/td>\n<td>310-379 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644<\/td>\n<td>280-350 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 (304)<\/h4>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0631:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a<\/th>\n<th>\u0643\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0631<\/th>\n<th>\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 (304)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649<\/td>\n<td>483-552 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644<\/td>\n<td>505-750 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f<\/td>\n<td>310-379 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644<\/td>\n<td>215-505 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>CTE (20-100 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629)<\/td>\n<td>~5.1 \u00d7 10 \u2076\/ \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>~17.3 \u00d7 10 - 10 \u2076\/ \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 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\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u062d \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/ptsmake2025.04.09-1840CNC-Machining-Floor-Setup.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u063a\u0651\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a CNC \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\"><figcaption>\u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a Kovar\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0645\u062a\u064f \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a\u064f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062c\u062d\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062c\u062d\u0629. \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0638\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0635\u064a \u0628\u0647 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 (%)<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0623<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0628<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f C<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>25<\/td>\n<td>9 (2.25)<\/td>\n<td>8 (2.00)<\/td>\n<td>7 (1.75)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>8 (1.60)<\/td>\n<td>9 (1.80)<\/td>\n<td>7 (1.40)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>7 (1.40)<\/td>\n<td>9 (1.80)<\/td>\n<td>8 (1.60)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>15<\/td>\n<td>9 (1.35)<\/td>\n<td>7 (1.05)<\/td>\n<td>8 (1.20)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644<\/td>\n<td>10<\/td>\n<td>8 (0.80)<\/td>\n<td>7 (0.70)<\/td>\n<td>9 (0.90)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/td>\n<td>10<\/td>\n<td>9 (0.90)<\/td>\n<td>8 (0.80)<\/td>\n<td>7 (0.70)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>100<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>8.30<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>8.15<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>7.55<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0648\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u062d\u0629 (\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u00d7 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u062d). \u064a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<h4>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0622\u062a<\/h4>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0622\u062a \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n<p>\u0636\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f)<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/knowledge.s-5.com\/knowledge\/should-i-be-concerned-about-metallurgical-compatibility\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:7\"><a href=\"#fn:7\" class=\"footnote-ref\">7<\/a><\/sup> \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0643\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0631<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0640 Kovar 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PVD<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0635\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0642\u0630 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0642 (ASTM D3359)<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 (ASTM B117)<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 (\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643\u0646)<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0628\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 Kovar \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0643.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a Kovar \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0647\u0644 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0641\u0627\u0631\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629\u061f \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0643 \u0628\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\"><figcaption>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a Kovar<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 Kovar (\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 29%\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a 17%\u060c \u0648\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f 53%) \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c. \u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glass-to-metal_seal\">\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:9\"><a href=\"#fn:9\" class=\"footnote-ref\">9<\/a><\/sup> \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/h4>\n<p>\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 (XRF) \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f<\/h3>\n<h4>\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0627\u062a (CMM)<\/h4>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u062d\u0635 CMM \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 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\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0629 SPC<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0631<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 Cp\/Cpk<\/td>\n<td>\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633<\/td>\n<td>\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637\u0627\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<h4>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0642<\/h4>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a Kovar \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0646\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0645 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a 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\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0643.<a href=\"#fnref1:8\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:9\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f.<a href=\"#fnref1:9\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:10\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 Kovar \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629.<a href=\"#fnref1:10\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ever tried joining metal to glass or ceramic? Traditional metals expand at different rates when heated, causing cracks and failures. This leaves engineers frustrated with broken components, failed seals, and wasted time and money on projects requiring precise material matching. Kovar machining is the process of cutting, shaping, and forming Kovar\u2014a specialized iron-nickel-cobalt alloy designed [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":7341,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"none","_seopress_titles_title":"Kovar Machining: Top Challenges, Solutions & Key Applications","_seopress_titles_desc":"Discover essential Kovar machining techniques for reliable glass-to-metal seals. Learn about challenges, solutions, and applications for top performance.","_seopress_robots_index":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7323","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cnc-machining"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7323","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7323"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7323\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7360,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7323\/revisions\/7360"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7341"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7323"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7323"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7323"}],"curies":[{"name":"\u062f\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0628\u064a","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}