{"id":5086,"date":"2025-02-28T20:35:43","date_gmt":"2025-02-28T12:35:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ptsmake.com\/?p=5086"},"modified":"2025-05-01T10:08:22","modified_gmt":"2025-05-01T02:08:22","slug":"how-does-a-hydraulic-piston-work","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/how-does-a-hydraulic-piston-work\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0631\u0624\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a: \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u062a \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u0627 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src=\"https:\/\/ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/ptsmake2025.02.27-1516Precision-CNC-Machined-Component.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0650\u0651\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u0635\u0646\u064e\u0651\u0639 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\"><figcaption>\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u064f\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a 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src=\"https:\/\/ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/ptsmake2025.02.27-1522Precision-Gearbox-Component.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0636\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\"><figcaption>\u0645\u0636\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 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alt=\"\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629\"><figcaption>\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 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src=\"https:\/\/ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/ptsmake2025.02.27-1649Precision-Machined-Metal-Component.webp\" alt=\"\u0623\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\"><figcaption>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0647\u0627<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0626<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645<\/li>\n<li>\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE\u060c \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 - \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646. \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633 \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0646\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u062a \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u061f \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0628\u0633\u0647\u0627. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0623\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0648\u0651\u062f \u0628\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/ptsmake2025.02.27-1530Hydraulic-Press-Machine.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\"><figcaption>\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644. \u0648\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627. \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646: \u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 (\u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a) \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633 \u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c (\u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a)\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633<\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644)<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c)<\/li>\n<li>\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/li>\n<li>\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hawe.com\/en-us\/fluid-lexicon\/force-multiplication-ratio\/\">\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:6\"><a href=\"#fn:6\" class=\"footnote-ref\">6<\/a><\/sup> \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633. \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 (A\u2081)<\/th>\n<th>\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c (A\u2082)<\/th>\n<th>\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0628<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>1 \u0633\u0645\u00b2<\/td>\n<td>10 \u0633\u0645\u00b2<\/td>\n<td>10x<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2 \u0633\u0645\u00b2<\/td>\n<td>20 \u0633\u0645\u00b2<\/td>\n<td>10x<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>5 \u0633\u0645\u00b2<\/td>\n<td>100 \u0633\u0645\u00b2<\/td>\n<td>20x<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 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\u0623\u0642\u0644<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645<\/h3>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0628\u0633\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627:<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/h4>\n<p>\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0645:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4>\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644<\/li>\n<li>\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0645<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0645<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0630\u0627\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0628\u0633:<\/p>\n<h4>\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0626<\/li>\n<li>\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644<\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0632<\/li>\n<li>\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0626<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a. \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f: \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629: \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 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\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tribology\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:8\"><a href=\"#fn:8\" class=\"footnote-ref\">7<\/a><\/sup> \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE\u060c \u0642\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629. \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0647\u0644 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0628\u0637 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0641\u062c\u0623\u0629\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633\u061f \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645. \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/ptsmake2025.02.27-1654Hydraulic-Accumulator-Diagram.webp\" alt=\"\u0643\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0648\u0627\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\"><figcaption>\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cavitation\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:10\"><a href=\"#fn:10\" class=\"footnote-ref\">9<\/a><\/sup> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0645\u0629<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE\u060c \u0642\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a:<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 1: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0645<\/li>\n<li>\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 2: \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645<\/h4>\n<p>\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0636\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0630\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644<\/td>\n<td>2000-3000 \u0631\u0637\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644<\/td>\n<td>120-140\u00b0F<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f<\/td>\n<td>\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 3: \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/h4>\n<h5>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0645<\/h5>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<h4>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h4>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u0634\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<td>\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644<\/td>\n<td>\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0630\u0627\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/li>\n<li>\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f<\/li>\n<li>\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/h3>\n<h4>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/h4>\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/th>\n<th>\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/th>\n<th>\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td>&gt;5% \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a<\/td>\n<td>\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 &gt; 10 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644<\/td>\n<td>\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td>&gt;\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 ISO 4406<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621<\/td>\n<td>&lt;95% \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<h4>\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621<\/li>\n<li>\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0628<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642\/\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/h3>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0626<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644<\/h4>\n<p>\u0636\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0623\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628<\/td>\n<td>6-12 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0646 12 \u0625\u0644\u0649 18 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u064b\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628<\/td>\n<td>\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644<\/td>\n<td>3-6 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0645\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0646 18 \u0625\u0644\u0649 24 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u064b\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645<\/h3>\n<h4>\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628<\/li>\n<li>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0649<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629<\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li>\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"footnotes\">\n<hr \/>\n<ol>\n<li id=\"fn:1\">\n<p>\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0643.<a href=\"#fnref1:1\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:2\">\n<p>\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0629 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\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629.<a href=\"#fnref1:6\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:8\">\n<p>\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629.<a href=\"#fnref1:8\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:9\">\n<p>\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a.<a href=\"#fnref1:9\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:10\">\n<p>\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0629.<a href=\"#fnref1:10\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\ufeffHave you ever wondered why some machines can lift incredibly heavy loads with seemingly little effort? Many manufacturing professionals struggle with understanding the mechanics behind hydraulic systems, leading to inefficient operations and potential safety risks. A hydraulic piston works by using fluid pressure to create force. When fluid is pumped into a cylinder, it pushes [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":5090,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"none","_seopress_titles_title":"Hydraulic Piston Insights: Enhance Your Manufacturing","_seopress_titles_desc":"Discover how hydraulic pistons harness fluid pressure for heavy lifting and precision. Transform your operations by mastering this vital component.","_seopress_robots_index":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5086","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cnc-machining"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5086","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5086"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5086\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7484,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5086\/revisions\/7484"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5090"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5086"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5086"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5086"}],"curies":[{"name":"\u062f\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0628\u064a","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}