{"id":4713,"date":"2025-02-13T19:56:13","date_gmt":"2025-02-13T11:56:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ptsmake.com\/?p=4713"},"modified":"2025-05-01T10:10:11","modified_gmt":"2025-05-01T02:10:11","slug":"titanium-vs-stainless-steel-what-lasts-longer","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/titanium-vs-stainless-steel-what-lasts-longer\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623: \u0631\u0624\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a 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\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/h4>\n<p>\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b. \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 80% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 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\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644<\/h4>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/engineering\/strain-hardening-rate\">\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:1\"><a href=\"#fn:1\" class=\"footnote-ref\">1<\/a><\/sup> \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f. \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a<\/th>\n<th>\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0623\u0642\u0644<\/td>\n<td>\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644<\/td>\n<td>\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642<\/td>\n<td>\u0636\u062d\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629<\/h3>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0642\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u062a\u064a\u0646:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639: 30-60 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 (SFM)<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629: 0.002-0.005 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 (IPR)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639: 70-100 SFM<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629: 0.004 - 0.008 ipr<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/h4>\n<p>\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/th>\n<th>\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u064a\u062f<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632<\/td>\n<td>\u062c\u064a\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>HSS<\/td>\n<td>\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643<\/td>\n<td>\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0628\u0647<\/td>\n<td>\u062c\u064a\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>CBN<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<h4>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f<\/h4>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 1000 \u0631\u0637\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646\u062f 300-500 \u0631\u0637\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645: \u064a\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u064a<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4>\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a<\/li>\n<li>\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td>\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<td>30-40% \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f<\/td>\n<td>\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f<\/td>\n<td>\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/td>\n<td>\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639<\/td>\n<td>\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629:<\/p>\n<h4>\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 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\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f<\/h4>\n<p>\u0643\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p>\u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0636\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/li>\n<li>\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u0628<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 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\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0646\u0639\u0645\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0632\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/ptsmake2025.02.13-1951CNC-Machining-Process-Close-Up.webp\" alt=\"\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\"><figcaption>\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 CNC \u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/h3>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0642\u064a\u0651\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0635\u0639\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0646\u064d \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a. \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Work_hardening\">\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:2\"><a href=\"#fn:2\" class=\"footnote-ref\">2<\/a><\/sup> \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0637\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629:<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 (7.2 \u0648\u0627\u0637\/\u0645-\u0643)<\/li>\n<li>\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639<\/h4>\n<p>\u064a\u0648\u0636\u0651\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td>\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062a\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064f\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u064b\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b<\/h3>\n<h4>\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639<\/h4>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0648\u0635\u064a \u0628\u0640<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a 50-60% \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/h4>\n<p>\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f<\/h4>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0627\u064b<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627<\/h3>\n<h4>\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0643 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0630\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 (SFM)<\/th>\n<th>\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 (IPR)<\/th>\n<th>\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 (\u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<td>150-250<\/td>\n<td>0.008-0.015<\/td>\n<td>0.040-0.150<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628<\/td>\n<td>250-400<\/td>\n<td>0.004-0.008<\/td>\n<td>0.010-0.030<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631<\/td>\n<td>100-150<\/td>\n<td>0.004-0.006<\/td>\n<td>\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a<\/li>\n<li>\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629<\/h3>\n<h4>\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a<\/h4>\n<p>\u0641\u064a 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\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 (HSS)<\/h4>\n<p>\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a HSS \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0625\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thermal_conductivity_and_resistivity\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 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href=\"#fn:5\" class=\"footnote-ref\">5<\/a><\/sup>. \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641 40-60% \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623. \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623: 200-400 \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f<\/h4>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<td>$150-200<\/td>\n<td>$100-150<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<td>2-3 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644<\/td>\n<td>\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c<\/h4>\n<p>\u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0637\u0623 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\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 (1-10 \u0642\u0637\u0639)<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645: $300-500 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623: $100-200 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 (11-100 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629)<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645: $200-400 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623: $80-150 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0633 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u062d\u062a\u0649 1000 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629)<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0639<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062e\u0637 \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0634\u0637\u0629<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0647<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0628\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635<\/th>\n<th>\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0634\u0637\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0635\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<td>\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629<\/h3>\n<h4>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639<\/h4>\n<p>\u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0623\u0642\u0644 (30-60 \u0645\/\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629)<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0648\u062d<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 (80-120 \u0645\/\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629)<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/h4>\n<p>\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 PVD<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f 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\u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a:<\/p>\n<h4>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641<\/h4>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0643\u062a<\/th>\n<th>\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629<\/td>\n<td>20-30 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<td>45-60 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 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\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629) \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/2025-02-13T111746.935Z.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\"><figcaption>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 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\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h4>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u0648\u0627\u062a\/\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0641\u0646)<\/th>\n<th>\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/td>\n<td>6.7<\/td>\n<td>\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639<\/td>\n<td>\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/td>\n<td>16.2<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u064b\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/h3>\n<h4>\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/h4>\n<p>\u0642\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 (150-400 SFM)<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0651\u0646\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/h4>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 (400-600 SFM)<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/li>\n<li>\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0647\u0627<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d. \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u064a\u062f<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643<\/td>\n<td>\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u060c \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639<\/td>\n<td>\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a CBN<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/h3>\n<h4>\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/h4>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f<\/li>\n<li>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/h4>\n<p>\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644<\/h3>\n<h4>\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629<\/h4>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 (SFM)<\/td>\n<td>150-400<\/td>\n<td>400-600<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 (IPR)<\/td>\n<td>0.005-0.015<\/td>\n<td>0.004-0.012<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 (\u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629)<\/td>\n<td>0.040-0.080<\/td>\n<td>0.050-0.100<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0646\u0641\u0630:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d:<\/p>\n<h4>\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645: \u0631\u0639 32-63 \u03bc3 \u03bcin<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623: Ra 16-32 \u03bc2 \u03bcin<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0634 100%<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\u063a\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 Ra 16-32 \u03bc2 \u03bcin<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623: Ra 8-16 \u03bcin<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0651\u0646\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0651\u0646<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623. \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062c \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623. \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u064a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b 30-50% \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/2025-02-13T112116.682Z.webp\" alt=\"\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\"><figcaption>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0624\u062b\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Work_hardening\">\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:8\"><a href=\"#fn:8\" class=\"footnote-ref\">8<\/a><\/sup> \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0623\u0628\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639<\/h4>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/th>\n<th>\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649 (SFM)<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 5<\/td>\n<td>150-250<\/td>\n<td>30-45 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 316L<\/td>\n<td>300-400<\/td>\n<td>60-90 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 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\u0628\u0647<\/td>\n<td>\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c<\/h3>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/h4>\n<p>\u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p>\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629: 2-3 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629: 1-2 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631: 1-2 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629: 1-2 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629: 0.5-1 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644: 0.5-1 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0642\u0645\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629:<\/p>\n<h4>\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p>\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a<\/li>\n<li>\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4>\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p>\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0651\u0646\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0634 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/li>\n<li>\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>1-10 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td>30-40% \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 30-40%<\/td>\n<td>\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>11-50 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<td>40-45% \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 40-45%<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 50 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<td>45-50% \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 45-50%<\/td>\n<td>\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 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\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0643\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u062e\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/2025-02-13T112449.140Z.webp\" alt=\"\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\"><figcaption>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/h3>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0624\u0643\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0642<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anisotropy\">\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:9\"><a href=\"#fn:9\" class=\"footnote-ref\">9<\/a><\/sup> \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a<\/h3>\n<h4>\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/h4>\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a. \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u0645\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d (Ra)<\/th>\n<th>\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/td>\n<td>0.2 - 0.8 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/td>\n<td>0.4-1.6 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631<\/td>\n<td>\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/td>\n<td>0.8 - 3.2 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631<\/td>\n<td>\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<td>\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633<\/td>\n<td>0.2 - 0.4 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/li>\n<li>\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639<\/li>\n<li>\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/h3>\n<h4>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/h4>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0636\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 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\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/2025-02-13T113142.854Z.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\"><figcaption>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0642\u0628\u0644 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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629:<\/p>\n<h4>\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0622\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644<\/td>\n<td>\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/td>\n<td>\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u062d\u0642\u0642\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u062a\u064a\u0646. \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<div class=\"footnotes\">\n<hr \/>\n<ol>\n<li id=\"fn:1\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 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\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645.<a href=\"#fnref1:7\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:8\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c.<a href=\"#fnref1:8\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:9\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639.<a href=\"#fnref1:9\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:10\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645.<a href=\"#fnref1:10\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:11\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629.<a href=\"#fnref1:11\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\ufeffI often hear engineers debating about material choices for their projects. When it comes to durability, the titanium versus stainless steel comparison is a common source of confusion. Many professionals waste time and money making the wrong choice between these metals. Titanium generally lasts longer than stainless steel due to its superior corrosion resistance and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":4717,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"none","_seopress_titles_title":"Titanium vs Stainless Steel: Machining and Durability Insights","_seopress_titles_desc":"Explore titanium vs stainless steel for durability and machining challenges. Learn which metal suits your project with expert insights from PTSMAKE.","_seopress_robots_index":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4713","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-materials"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4713","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4713"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4713\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7499,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4713\/revisions\/7499"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4717"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4713"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4713"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4713"}],"curies":[{"name":"\u062f\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0628\u064a","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}