{"id":12817,"date":"2026-01-25T20:20:56","date_gmt":"2026-01-25T12:20:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/?p=12817"},"modified":"2026-01-03T20:23:50","modified_gmt":"2026-01-03T12:23:50","slug":"practical-guide-to-stainless-steel-passivation-ptsmake","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/practical-guide-to-stainless-steel-passivation-ptsmake\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 | PTSMAKE"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 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\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/ptsmake2026.01.03-2022Precision-CNC-Machined-Screws.webp\" alt=\"\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\"><figcaption>\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u062f\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a 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left;\">\u062a\u0645\u062f\u064a\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/ptsmake2026.01.03-0522Polished-Stainless-Steel-Automotive-Bracket-Component.webp\" alt=\"\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0645\u0651\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\"><figcaption>\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0633 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\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621. \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0639<\/h4>\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0643. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reddit.com\/r\/explainlikeimfive\/comments\/ye42gp\/eli5_how_does_a_relatively_small_amount_of\/\">\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645-\u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:1\"><a href=\"#fn:1\" class=\"footnote-ref\">1<\/a><\/sup>. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a [\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629]\u060c \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631. \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644<\/h4>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0651\u0646\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0642\u0648\u064a \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0651\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0631.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0624\u062a\u064a \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623.<\/p>\n<h2>\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636. \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d. \u0623\u0624\u0643\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u062e \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 <strong>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong> \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629. \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621. \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0640<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0646\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 <strong>\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0636\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/ptsmake2026.01.03-0524Precision-Stainless-Steel-Aerospace-Component.webp\" alt=\"\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 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\u0646\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0637\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0629. \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 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\u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637. \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0641\u0651\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 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\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/ptsmake2026.01.03-0525Medical-Surgical-Instruments-Passivation.webp\" alt=\"\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649\"><figcaption>\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a. \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0648\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u062e\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0644\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649.<\/p>\n<h4>ASTM F86: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>ASTM F86 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0636\u0631\u0631\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0641\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">ASTM F86<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science\/pyrogen\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:3\"><a href=\"#fn:3\" class=\"footnote-ref\">3<\/a><\/sup> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 ASTM F86 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0649\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u063a\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a: \u0623\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0643. \u0633\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0643.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062f\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629. \u064a\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u0643.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062c\u064a\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u064a\u0632<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0639\u0645 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/ptsmake2026.01.03-0527Passivation-Vs-Electropolishing-Metal-Brackets-Comparison.webp\" alt=\"\u0642\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0645\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\"><figcaption>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637. \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631. \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0648\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0645\u0631\u0629. \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062c\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646. \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0643\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644. \u064a\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0630\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/testoil.com\/data-interpretation\/sources-of-chromium\/\">\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:4\"><a href=\"#fn:4\" class=\"footnote-ref\">4<\/a><\/sup>. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0647. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0643\u062a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0637\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d (Ra)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0640<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631. \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0642\u0637. \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<h2>\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0647\u0648 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0646\u0636\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0639 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645. \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630. \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a<\/h4>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u0645\u0651\u062f<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u062e\u0645\u0651\u062f<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u063a\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/ptsmake2026.01.03-0528Polished-Stainless-Steel-Exhaust-Component.webp\" alt=\"\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0645\u0651\u062f \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629\"><figcaption>\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 - \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629. \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0648\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645. \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0621. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0634 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641\u060c \u0641\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0634\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646. \u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electrochemical_potential\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:5\"><a href=\"#fn:5\" class=\"footnote-ref\">5<\/a><\/sup>, \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">1. \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0648\u0645\/\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062e<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">2. \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">3. \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0637\u0641<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u062d\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0648\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">4. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0648\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a. \u0647\u0630\u0627 <code>\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/code> \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 <code>\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/code> \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a <code>\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629<\/code>.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u0637\u062d \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u0645\u0651\u062f<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u062e\u0645\u0651\u062f<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/ptsmake2026.01.03-0530High-Frequency-Electronic-RF-Housing-Enclosure.webp\" alt=\"\u062d\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0645\u0651\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\"><figcaption>\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629. \u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u0647 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a (EMI) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0642\u0641\u0635 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064a. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u062a\u0636\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 <code>\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/code> \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621<\/h3>\n<p>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646. \u0625\u0646 <code>\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/code> \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.advancedenergy.com\/getmedia\/779e77c3-a07e-4c26-be3b-424bacc6622b\/en-esd-surface-resistivity-application-note.pdf\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:6\"><a href=\"#fn:6\" class=\"footnote-ref\">6<\/a><\/sup>. \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 <code>\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629<\/code> \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642. \u064a\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u063a\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0628<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0639\u0641<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0647<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a. \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0622\u0645\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f. \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a. \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0622\u0645\u0646. \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b<\/h3>\n<p>\u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0633\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/ptsmake2026.01.03-0531Medical-Device-Components-Testing-Laboratory.webp\" alt=\"\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\"><figcaption>\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u062c\u0647\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0646\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644<\/h3>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u0646\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621. \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0643\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629. \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0639.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0637\u0641. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a. \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b\u061f \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631. \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d \u0647\u0648 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a. \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cytotoxicity\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:7\"><a href=\"#fn:7\" class=\"footnote-ref\">7<\/a><\/sup> \u0647\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">ASTM A380<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">ASTM B117<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">ISO 10993<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629. \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0626: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629. \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u2018\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u2019 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0633\u0637\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0647\u0648 \u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0628\u064a. \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0637\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0650\u0637\u0639 \u0648\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0647\u0648 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">30-60 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">15-20 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">30-90 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">20-30 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0637\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0641\u064a\u0641<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">20-40 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">10-15 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/ptsmake2026.01.03-0533Stainless-Steel-Automotive-Bracket-Surface-Treatment.webp\" alt=\"\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629\"><figcaption>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0651\u0644<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0646\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0643. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 <a href=\"https:\/\/testoil.com\/data-interpretation\/sources-of-chromium\/\">\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:8\"><a href=\"#fn:8\" class=\"footnote-ref\">8<\/a><\/sup> \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0643\u0648\u062b \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639<\/h3>\n<p>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u061f \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644. \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639<\/h4>\n<p>\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0646\u0628\u0646\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">&lt; \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">&lt; \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 10 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">~\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 24 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b (\u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a. \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u2018\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u2019 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649.<\/p>\n<h2>\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u0627\u062f\u062d. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0637. \u0623\u064a \u0628\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0632\u064b\u0627. \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0636\u0639\u0641. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0648\u0637.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629\/\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/ptsmake2026.01.03-0535Stainless-Steel-Threaded-Components-With-Surface-Contamination.webp\" alt=\"\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0651\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0637 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644\"><figcaption>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644. \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637<\/h3>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644. \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0648\u062c. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Galling\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:9\"><a href=\"#fn:9\" class=\"footnote-ref\">9<\/a><\/sup>, \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u064b\u0627. \u0623\u064a \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0637\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u062d\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621\u064b \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064d<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0637<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0642 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0641\u0633\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<h2>\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0650\u0637\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631. \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629. \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0630\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d. \u062a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621. \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0637\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0643)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0627\u062a \u063a\u0645\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/ptsmake2026.01.03-0536High-Precision-CNC-Machined-Stainless-Steel-Bracket.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u064f\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0645\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629\"><figcaption>\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u0635\u0646\u064e\u0651\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0625\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u063a\u0645\u0631 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a. \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062d\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d.<\/p>\n<h4>\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0645<\/h4>\n<p>\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0643\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0645 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reduction_potential\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:10\"><a href=\"#fn:10\" class=\"footnote-ref\">10<\/a><\/sup> \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/h4>\n<p>\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0645\u0627\u0633<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">30-60 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">20-30 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">120-150 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u062a (49-65 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">120-130 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u062a (49-54 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0637\u0641<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0637\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0634\u0637\u0641 \u0628\u0645\u0627\u0621 DI \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0641\u064a\u0641<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u062c\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0626 \u0645\u0636\u0628\u0648\u0637\u060c \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0644\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0639<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u00b1 0.0002 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631<\/h2>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0621 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0633\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0646\u0642\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a. \u0646\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u0647\u062a \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u063a\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/ptsmake2026.01.03-0538High-Gloss-Stainless-Steel-Medical-Instrument.webp\" alt=\"\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644\"><figcaption>\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0637\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0633 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631\u0647. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Specular_reflection\">\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:11\"><a href=\"#fn:11\" class=\"footnote-ref\">11<\/a><\/sup> \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u060c \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b. \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0633 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u062d\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 2\u060c \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u063a\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u062d\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u0627\u0621<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0637\u0631\u0642 ASTM A967 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0624\u0646\u0627. \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0625\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u063a\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629\u061b \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629. \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>AMS-2700<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>ASTM A967<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/ptsmake2026.01.03-0539Military-Tactical-Equipment-Components.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629\"><figcaption>\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f. \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0648 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u062d\u062f. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0626 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u064a. \u062a\u062e\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0641\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a. \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0648\u062e\u064a\u0645\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h4>\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/h4>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629. \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Austenitic_stainless_steel\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:12\"><a href=\"#fn:12\" class=\"footnote-ref\">12<\/a><\/sup> \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0646\u0647\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u062a\u064a. \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u064b\u0627. \u0646\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629. \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062e\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0637.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 (HMLV) \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064f\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629. \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629 \"\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\".<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u060c \u0628\u063a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064f\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0640 HMLV.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/ptsmake2026.01.03-0541Mixed-Parts-Batch-Passivation-Processing.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645\"><figcaption>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0646\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \"\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\" \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a HMLV. \u064a\u062c\u0628\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0621 \u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0643 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a HMLV<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627. \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0636\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644. \u0648\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE\u060c \u0623\u062f\u0631\u0643\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631. \u0641\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064f\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u064f\u062d\u0633\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064b\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u064b\u0627 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/files\/drugs\/published\/Process-Validation--General-Principles-and-Practices.pdf\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:13\"><a href=\"#fn:13\" class=\"footnote-ref\">13<\/a><\/sup> \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0625\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c HMLV \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064f\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629. \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629. \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0641 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621\u064b.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644<\/h3>\n<p>\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0643\u062a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0643\/\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0643<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/ptsmake2026.01.03-0542Passivated-Stainless-Steel-Automotive-Components.webp\" alt=\"\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629\"><figcaption>\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0645\u0651\u062f<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646. \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a. \u0641\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 REACH \u0648 RoHS \u062a\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646. \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/31604409\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:14\"><a href=\"#fn:14\" class=\"footnote-ref\">14<\/a><\/sup>. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0650\u0637\u0639 \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 PTSMAKE \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644<\/h2>\n<p>\u0647\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0647\u061f \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 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\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 - PTSMAKE\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"footnotes\">\n<hr \/>\n<ol>\n<li id=\"fn:1\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646.<a href=\"#fnref1:1\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:2\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 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id=\"fn:8\">\n<p>\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644.<a href=\"#fnref1:8\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:9\">\n<p>\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0634\u0644\u0647.<a href=\"#fnref1:9\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:10\">\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629.<a href=\"#fnref1:10\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:11\">\n<p>\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627.<a href=\"#fnref1:11\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:12\">\n<p>\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644.<a href=\"#fnref1:12\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:13\">\n<p>\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0643 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629.<a href=\"#fnref1:13\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:14\">\n<p>\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629.<a href=\"#fnref1:14\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Many engineers discover their stainless steel components fail prematurely despite using high-grade materials. The root cause often traces back to inadequate or missing passivation processes that leave microscopic contaminants and compromised surface layers. Stainless steel passivation is a chemical treatment that removes surface contaminants and enhances the natural oxide layer, providing superior corrosion resistance and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":12886,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"none","_seopress_titles_title":"Practical Guide to Stainless Steel Passivation | PTSMAKE","_seopress_titles_desc":"Enhance stainless steel's durability with passivation. Discover how this treatment boosts corrosion resistance and extends component life.","_seopress_robots_index":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12817","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-surface-finishes"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12817","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12817"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12817\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12887,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12817\/revisions\/12887"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/12886"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12817"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12817"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12817"}],"curies":[{"name":"\u062f\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0628\u064a","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}