{"id":12802,"date":"2026-01-24T20:38:43","date_gmt":"2026-01-24T12:38:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/?p=12802"},"modified":"2026-01-03T19:47:42","modified_gmt":"2026-01-03T11:47:42","slug":"ultimate-guide-to-brushed-copper-for-industrial-projects","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/ultimate-guide-to-brushed-copper-for-industrial-projects\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u061f \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062e\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/ptsmake2026.01.03-1943Textured-Material-Close-Up.webp\" alt=\"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\"><figcaption>\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u062f\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 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\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639: \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621. \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b 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\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/ptsmake2026.01.03-0422Three-Copper-Finish-Types-Comparison.webp\" alt=\"\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.\"><figcaption>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646 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\u062c\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0628\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0646\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631\u0647. \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0646<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u060c \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0634<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062c\u064a\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062c\u064a\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062c\u064a\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Galvanic_corrosion\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:1\"><a href=\"#fn:1\" class=\"footnote-ref\">1<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0643. \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631\u0647.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629. \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062e\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0632\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u0644\u0632 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u062f\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/h3>\n<p>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u064a\u0628\u0647\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0634 \u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641<\/td>\n<td>\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639\u060c \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/td>\n<td>\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/ptsmake2026.01.03-0424Brushed-Copper-Metal-Sheets-With-Golden-Finish.webp\" alt=\"\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\"><figcaption>\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629. \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062d\u0644.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u062e\u0627\u062e\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u0644\u0642 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062e\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u062f\u0634.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u064f\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062d\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Passivation_(chemistry)\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:2\"><a href=\"#fn:2\" class=\"footnote-ref\">2<\/a><\/sup>. \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0640<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0634 \u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062e\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0634\u0645\u0639<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0643.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644. \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639. \u062f\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0643.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/h3>\n<h4><strong>C110 (\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 C110 (ETP Copper)<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>C110 \u0646\u0642\u064a \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>C145 (\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645 C145)<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a C145 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">C110 \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 C145<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">99.901.90% \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 99.5%\u060c 0.5% Te<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641 (20%)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 (85%)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062c\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 C145 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/ptsmake2026.01.03-0425Copper-Grade-Comparison-For-Brushed-Finishing.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\"><figcaption>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0641. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0644\u0637\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 C145 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 C110. \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0631. \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627. \u064a\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0634\u064a\u0637 \u062e\u062f\u0648\u0634\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anisotropy\">\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:3\"><a href=\"#fn:3\" class=\"footnote-ref\">3<\/a><\/sup>, \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643<\/h3>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>C110<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>C145<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 C110<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>C101<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621 (\u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 C110\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0645\u0646 C110\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0639\u0628<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 C145 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629. \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 C145 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0646\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 C110 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u064b\u0627. \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u0646\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f CNC \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0646\u0627.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0642<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00b1 0.1 \u0645\u0645 (\u00b1 0.004 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00b1 0.025 \u0645\u0645 (\u00b1 0.001 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00b1 0.05 \u0645\u0645 (\u00b1 0.002 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00b1 0.01 \u0645\u0645 (\u00b1 0.0004 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0633\u0637\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">0.1 \u0645\u0645\/100 \u0645\u0645<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">0.05 \u0645\u0645\/100 \u0645\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/ptsmake2026.01.03-0427Precision-Brushed-Copper-CNC-Components.webp\" alt=\"\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 CNC \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\"><figcaption>\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a CNC \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a CNC<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0644\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f CNC \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629.<\/p>\n<h4>\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0631\u0628\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 TiB2. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0632\u0644\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0645\u063a\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064f\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Galling\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:4\"><a href=\"#fn:4\" class=\"footnote-ref\">4<\/a><\/sup>, \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/h4>\n<p>\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0643\u0650\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0647\u0647\u0627. \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u063a\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0646: \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064f\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064f\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0633\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0643\u0631\u0628\u064a\u062f TiB2 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u064a \u0628 TiB2<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064f\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0641\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064f\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635. \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0646\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u064a\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621: \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b<\/h2>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \"\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629\" \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u064b\u0627. \u064a\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 99.9% \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u062f\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">99.901.90% (C11000)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">&gt;99.991.99% (OFC)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0648\u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 (OFC) \u0628\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0629 99.99%\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d. \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0648\u062e\u064a\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639<\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u062f \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Outgassing\">\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:5\"><a href=\"#fn:5\" class=\"footnote-ref\">5<\/a><\/sup> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0628\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (% IACS)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">99.901.90% ETP<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">100%<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">99.951.95% \u0645\u0646<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">101%<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\/\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">99.991.99% \u0645\u0646 HC<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">&gt;1011101%<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0629 99.95% \u0625\u0644\u0649 99.99% \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b. \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 CNC\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0643 \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u2018\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u2019 \u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0643 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0643. \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0643 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c. \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u062a 10 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 1000. \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 CNC\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.calculator.net\/amortization-calculator.html\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0621<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:6\"><a href=\"#fn:6\" class=\"footnote-ref\">6<\/a><\/sup>. \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0632\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0638\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0647 \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0643 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a: \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646<\/h2>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u060c \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u062f\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u062a\u0647. \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0634. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a (\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0631)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b (\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 (\u062f\u0631\u0639 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/ptsmake2026.01.03-0432Brushed-Copper-Outdoor-Light-Fixture.webp\" alt=\"\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0631\u064a\"><figcaption>\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0642<\/h3>\n<p>\u062f\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u062d\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u063a\u0645\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 <code>\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644<\/code>. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0642 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a<\/h4>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0631. \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0642 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0628\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f\u060c, <code>\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/code>.<\/p>\n<h4>\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0634<\/h4>\n<p>\u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0648\u0634 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0636\u0639\u0641. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sulfidation\">\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062f<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:7\"><a href=\"#fn:7\" class=\"footnote-ref\">7<\/a><\/sup> \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0645. \u0646\u0646\u0635\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a (\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">1-6 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0627\u062a\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0627\u062a\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0643\u0646\/\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">1-5 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0642\u0639 \u062e\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>3<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">5-20 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0632\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0632\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u064a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0634 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621. \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0643 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0650\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u062f \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639\u064b\u0627. \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 DFM \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0628<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0631\u062f\u064a\u0621 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 DFM \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u0628. \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0626 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stress_concentration\">\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:8\"><a href=\"#fn:8\" class=\"footnote-ref\">8<\/a><\/sup>, \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0634\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644. \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0647\u062a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0633.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0621\u0627\u062a. \u0625\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641. \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0631\u062f\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0628\u0647 (\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">&gt; 0.8 \u0645\u0645 (0.031 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">&gt; 1.5x \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 1.5x<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">&gt; 2 \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE\u060c \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u062f\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u064b\u0627. \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 (DFM) \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644. \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0625\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0621. \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u062f\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u062a\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a: \u062e\u0627\u0641\u0636\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629. \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0641\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0642\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062a\u0631\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 (\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f (\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">95\u00b0C<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">78\u00b0C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">+35%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a: \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0647 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a. \u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/ptsmake2026.01.03-0435Professional-Copper-Heatsink-With-Brushed-Finish.webp\" alt=\"\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0632\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0641 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629\"><figcaption>\u0645\u0628\u062f\u062f \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642: \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0634\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644. \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642: \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644. \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0647\u0645. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0648\u062c \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Galvanic_corrosion\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:9\"><a href=\"#fn:9\" class=\"footnote-ref\">9<\/a><\/sup>. \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">~5,000<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">&gt;20,000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u064a\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647. \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646<\/h2>\n<p>\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629. \u0633\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0643 \u0645\u0633\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0643 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0643. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641. \u062f\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0640<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 RA<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0637\u064a\u062e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064d.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/ptsmake2026.01.03-0436Brushed-Copper-Components-Manufacturing-Terms.webp\" alt=\"\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\"><figcaption>\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE. \u062f\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0628\u062b\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u062d\u062a. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a. \u062d\u062f\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0643.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 RA (\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629)<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 RA \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d. \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 RA \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0637\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0646\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0627\u064b. \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 RA \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 RA<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c 16 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u0644\u0633 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0632\u062e\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c 125 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062e\u0634\u0646\/\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u062e\u0634\u0646<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0647\u062a\u0627\u0646. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645. \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yield_(engineering)\">\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:10\"><a href=\"#fn:10\" class=\"footnote-ref\">10<\/a><\/sup> \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0623\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062d\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a - \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a - \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0643 \u0625\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0635\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 5 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644<\/h2>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0647\u0627. \u062a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 CNC.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627. \u062f\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0640<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0641\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0639\u064a\u0645<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0647<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062a\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641. \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0648\u0644.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0633\u0623\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633. \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629. \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0633\u064a\u0626\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Patina\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0639\u064a\u0645<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:11\"><a href=\"#fn:11\" class=\"footnote-ref\">11<\/a><\/sup> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0641\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u062f\u0626\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b. \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633. \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0639\u064a\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0646)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0641\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u060c \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u062a\u0645<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062c\u064a\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0641\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062e\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0650\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u064f\u0635\u0646\u064e\u0651\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<h2>\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0635\u0651\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0647<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0643. \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0643 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0643.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/ptsmake2026.01.03-1946Copper-Socket-Outlet.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\"><figcaption>\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u062a\u0643 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642\u064a. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 <code>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646<\/code>.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0623\u0644 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643. \u0627\u0633\u0623\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0641. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0629\u061f \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621\u061f \u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a <code>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644<\/code>.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d. \u0641\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0642\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/asq.org\/quality-resources\/quality-management-system?srsltid=AfmBOooLboeVjk0tB7gRiOOx1gTMtZO2bC47ZCE4BjLoVoJ7i1xthB_5\">\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:12\"><a href=\"#fn:12\" class=\"footnote-ref\">12<\/a><\/sup> \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647\u0627<\/h4>\n<p>\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0635\u064a \u0628\u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\"\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062e\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u0645\u061f\"<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\"\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647\u061f\"<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\"\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0623\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u061f\"<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\"\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u061f\"<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646. \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0643 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0639 PTSMAKE \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/h2>\n<p>\u0647\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0644\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629\u061f \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0640 PTSMAKE \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 CNC \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629. \u062b\u0642 \u0628\u062e\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0643 - \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645. \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646!<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/contact\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/PTSMAKE-Inquiry-image-1500.jpg\" alt=\"\u0627\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 - PTSMAKE\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"footnotes\">\n<hr \/>\n<ol>\n<li id=\"fn:1\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643.<a href=\"#fnref1:1\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:2\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a.<a href=\"#fnref1:2\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:3\">\n<p>\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0643.<a href=\"#fnref1:3\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:4\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<a href=\"#fnref1:4\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:5\">\n<p>\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a 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rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:7\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f.<a href=\"#fnref1:7\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:8\">\n<p>\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0634\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627.<a href=\"#fnref1:8\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:9\">\n<p>\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646.<a href=\"#fnref1:9\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:10\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627.<a href=\"#fnref1:10\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:11\">\n<p>\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<a href=\"#fnref1:11\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:12\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f (QMS) \u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0643.<a href=\"#fnref1:12\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Are you struggling to find reliable information about brushed copper for your industrial manufacturing needs? Most online resources focus on decorative applications, leaving engineers and procurement managers without the technical depth required for precision industrial projects. Brushed copper offers superior conductivity, antimicrobial properties, and aesthetic appeal for industrial applications, but requires specific knowledge of alloy [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":12881,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_seopress_titles_title":"Ultimate Guide To Brushed Copper For Industrial Projects","_seopress_titles_desc":"Master brushed copper for industrial projects with insights on alloy selection, finishing techniques, and more to optimize performance and aesthetics.","_seopress_robots_index":"","_seopress_robots_follow":"","_seopress_robots_imageindex":"","_seopress_robots_snippet":"","_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"none","_seopress_robots_breadcrumbs":"","_seopress_robots_freeze_modified_date":"","_seopress_robots_custom_modified_date":"","_seopress_robots_canonical":"","_seopress_social_fb_title":"","_seopress_social_fb_desc":"","_seopress_social_fb_img":"","_seopress_social_fb_img_attachment_id":0,"_seopress_social_fb_img_width":0,"_seopress_social_fb_img_height":0,"_seopress_social_twitter_title":"","_seopress_social_twitter_desc":"","_seopress_social_twitter_img":"","_seopress_social_twitter_img_attachment_id":0,"_seopress_social_twitter_img_width":0,"_seopress_social_twitter_img_height":0,"_seopress_redirections_value":"","_seopress_redirections_enabled":"","_seopress_redirections_enabled_regex":"","_seopress_redirections_logged_status":"both","_seopress_redirections_param":"","_seopress_redirections_type":301,"_seopress_analysis_target_kw":"","_seopress_news_disabled":"","_seopress_video_disabled":"","_seopress_video":[],"_seopress_pro_schemas_manual":[],"_seopress_pro_rich_snippets_disable_all":"","_seopress_pro_rich_snippets_disable":[],"_seopress_pro_schemas":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12802","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-surface-finishes"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12802","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12802"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12802\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12883,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12802\/revisions\/12883"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/12881"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12802"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12802"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12802"}],"curies":[{"name":"\u062f\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0628\u064a","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}