{"id":11727,"date":"2025-11-18T20:42:37","date_gmt":"2025-11-18T12:42:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/?p=11727"},"modified":"2025-11-13T16:42:49","modified_gmt":"2025-11-13T08:42:49","slug":"sand-casting-vs-die-casting-the-ultimate-decision-guide-2025","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/sand-casting-vs-die-casting-the-ultimate-decision-guide-2025\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628: \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a 2025"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0631\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064d \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 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\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0633\". \u0641\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Permeability_(porous_media)\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:1\"><a href=\"#fn:1\" class=\"footnote-ref\">1<\/a><\/sup>. \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0646\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c.<\/p>\n<p>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0648\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0650\u0637\u0639.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0642<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0626\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631. \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u0648\u064a. \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637: \u0645\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u064a\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0621<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0635<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.13-1633Precision-Molded-Parts.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629\"><figcaption>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u064a\u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646.<\/p>\n<h4>\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/h4>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/materials-science\/grain-refinement\">\u0635\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:2\"><a href=\"#fn:2\" class=\"footnote-ref\">2<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u064b.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\/\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 (\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 1 \u0645\u0645)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u060c \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u060c \u064a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u2018\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643\u0629\u2019\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u2018\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u2019 \u0645\u064f\u0647\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u062c\u0645\u062f\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646\u0647. \u0648\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a. \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639<\/h3>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0647\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u0647. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0632 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0646<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0628\u0623\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u062e\u0648\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.11-1821Sand-Casting-Mold-Destruction-Process.webp\" alt=\"\u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0643\"><figcaption>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631: \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/strong>, \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u062e. \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629. \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 (\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 (\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0628\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0628\u0637\u0623<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631<\/h4>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629\u061f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645. \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a. \u064a\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629. \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Permeability_(porous_media)\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:3\"><a href=\"#fn:3\" class=\"footnote-ref\">3<\/a><\/sup> \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0628\u0637\u0623 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u2018\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u2019\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u2018\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u2019 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 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\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/th>\n<th>\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 (\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<td>\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.11-1823Multiple-Identical-Metal-Automotive-Brackets.webp\" alt=\"\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a 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\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.calculator.net\/amortization-calculator.html\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0621<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:5\"><a href=\"#fn:5\" class=\"footnote-ref\">5<\/a><\/sup> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629: \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628: \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627. \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627. \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u062e.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a (\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0646 \u00b1 0.002\" \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u00b1 0.005\"<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644<\/td>\n<td>\u00b1 0.020\" \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u00b1 0.030\"<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.11-1826Precision-Cast-Aluminum-Engine-Brackets-Comparison.webp\" alt=\"\u0642\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a\"><figcaption>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0635\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064d \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064b\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644. \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reddit.com\/r\/HomeImprovement\/comments\/f1o9qq\/i_just_bought_my_first_house_and_i_found_a_lot_of\/\">\u0632\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0646<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:6\"><a href=\"#fn:6\" class=\"footnote-ref\">6<\/a><\/sup>, \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629<\/h3>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a)<\/th>\n<th>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 (\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632<\/td>\n<td>\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0634\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0637<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0628\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a)<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 (\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062f\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062f\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u063a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627. \u0646\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629 (Ra).<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0629. \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 Ra<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0645 Ra \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">Ra \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a (\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">Ra \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a (\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">6.3 - 25 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">250 - 1000 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">1.0 - 4.0 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">40 - 160 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0650\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.11-1827Sand-Cast-Vs-Die-Cast-Surface-Finish.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633\"><figcaption>\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u062e \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0632\u062e\u0631\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Asperity_(materials_science)\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:7\"><a href=\"#fn:7\" class=\"footnote-ref\">7<\/a><\/sup>. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0633 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a. \u0641\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0641\u0623\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062e\u0634\u0646<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u0644\u0633<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 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\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d: \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f: \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643\u061f \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u064a \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0635\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632. \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f) \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.11-1829Metal-Alloy-Samples-For-Casting-Methods.webp\" alt=\"\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\"><figcaption>\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/h3>\n<h4>\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0643\u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<h4>\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645<\/h4>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 1500 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b) \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0645\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0646. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629. \u062a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.coleparmer.com\/chemical-resistance\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:8\"><a href=\"#fn:8\" class=\"footnote-ref\">8<\/a><\/sup> \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a (\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u061f<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">380 - 390 \u00b0C<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0639\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">580 - 650 \u00b0C<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0639\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">600 - 650 \u00b0C<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0639\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">1370 - 1540 \u00b0C<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u062a\u0642\u0635\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628) \u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f. \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0639\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0630\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/h4>\n<p>\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 (\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0647\u0648\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">1370 - 1540 \u00b0C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 (H13)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">~1427 \u00b0C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">~660 \u00b0C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.11-1831Steel-Engine-Block-Component-Manufacturing.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\"><figcaption>\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u064a\u0633\u062e\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thermal_shock\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:9\"><a href=\"#fn:9\" class=\"footnote-ref\">9<\/a><\/sup>. \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0644\u062d\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE \u0646\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0628\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f. \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0639\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0650\u0637\u0639 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 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\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062c\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628: \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0628\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0628\u0629. \u062a\u062d\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u062d\u062c\u0645 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\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b (34 \u0643\u062c\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 (&gt; 20 \u0642\u062f\u0645)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0640<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645\u060c \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.11-1832Large-Engine-Block-Vs-Small-Laptop-Case.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\"><figcaption>\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627. \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0643.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646<\/h3>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0627. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0647 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0643. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a \u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u0643.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629. \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0636\u063a\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.carrlane.com\/engineering-resources\/fixture-design-principles\/clamping-force-calculations?srsltid=AfmBOorsUwJIuuOcmFas6zhaJLEOlZ_7el6MptC0EaScHWD4hXuYU901\">\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:10\"><a href=\"#fn:10\" class=\"footnote-ref\">10<\/a><\/sup> \u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0650\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639. \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE\u060c \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0628\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629\u061b \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0643.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u0631.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0627. \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0647. \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0632\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643\u0629<\/h3>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631. \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u0648\u0649 \u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u0648\u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0646\u0641\u0636\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u062d\u0628\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.11-1834Complex-Sand-Cast-Aluminum-Automotive-Bracket.webp\" alt=\"\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\"><figcaption>\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0647\u0648 \u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646\u0647. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643\u0647. \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627<\/h3>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629. \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Permeability_(porous_media)\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:11\"><a href=\"#fn:11\" class=\"footnote-ref\">11<\/a><\/sup> \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0628\u0637\u0621.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0643\u062a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0649<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 (\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0628\u0637\u0623<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0629 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\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c 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\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621. \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<td>\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1 \u0645\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b &gt; 3 \u0645\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u062e\u0634\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c<\/td>\n<td>\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.11-1836Precision-Die-Cast-Automotive-Component.webp\" alt=\"\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629\"><figcaption>\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a. 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\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a. \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Laminar_flow\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u064a<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:12\"><a href=\"#fn:12\" class=\"footnote-ref\">12<\/a><\/sup> \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0628<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644<\/td>\n<td>\u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064d. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645: \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c. \u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \"\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\" \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0643.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644. \u0641\u0643\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u0651\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">1 - 5,000 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">5,000 - 1,000,000,000+ \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u062e \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.11-1837Production-Volume-Comparison-For-Metal-Parts.webp\" alt=\"\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637\"><figcaption>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631\u062d\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h4>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/h4>\n<p>\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.calculator.net\/amortization-calculator.html\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0621<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:13\"><a href=\"#fn:13\" class=\"footnote-ref\">13<\/a><\/sup>. \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 (\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0642\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 (\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 (\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0621<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u062a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629. \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0636\u062e\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0646\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0646\u0644\u0642\u0650 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0621<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0640<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.11-1839Sand-Casting-Vs-Die-Casting-Engine-Blocks.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\"><figcaption>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a. \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639. \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u062e\u0634\u0628\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f<\/h4>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.exone.com\/en-US\/Resources\/case-studies\/what-is-binder-jetting\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0642<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:14\"><a href=\"#fn:14\" class=\"footnote-ref\">14<\/a><\/sup> \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0641 CAD. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0637.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0629. \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0635\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">2-5 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639 3D<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">1-3 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629-\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 (\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">8-16 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064b\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0643. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0636\u0649.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u062f\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0643. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u062f\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/h3>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0647\/\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062e\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.11-1840Sand-Casting-Design-Optimization-Features.webp\" alt=\"\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\"><figcaption>\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u062f\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0643. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627: \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0637\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0642 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0641. \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628. \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a 1-3 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0634. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d (\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u064a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u062e\u0634\u0646. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0621\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642. \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parting_line\">\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0642<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:15\"><a href=\"#fn:15\" class=\"footnote-ref\">15<\/a><\/sup> \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0632\u0648\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 (\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u064a\u062f (\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 90 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629 (\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0641\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u062d\u0628 1-3\u00b0 1-3\u00b0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062e\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u062f\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644. \u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u0645\u062e\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u062f\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0643. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0643 \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0641<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.11-1842Aluminum-Engine-Bracket-Design-Optimization.webp\" alt=\"\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\"><figcaption>\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u062f\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0645\u062f. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639. \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f<\/h4>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u0637\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u0627<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">1 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u062d\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">2 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u062d\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0644\u0627\u0639\/\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0621<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">1 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646<\/h4>\n<p>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0643\u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0628. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thermal_shock\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:16\"><a href=\"#fn:16\" class=\"footnote-ref\">16<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h4>\u062a\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0633\u0637\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0627\u0633\u0623\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u062f\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d. \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0650\u0637\u0639 \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u0644\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0632. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">$10 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">$15 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">$8 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">$2 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">$4 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">$1 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>$22 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>$18 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0628) \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.11-1844Manufacturing-Cost-Analysis-With-Metal-Parts.webp\" alt=\"\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629\"><figcaption>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0646\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062e\u0635 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062e\u0635 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/h3>\n<p>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0631\u062e\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u062e\u0634\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0644. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Near_net_shape\">\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u064a<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:17\"><a href=\"#fn:17\" class=\"footnote-ref\">17<\/a><\/sup> \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u062a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<p>\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u063a\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0643. \u0623\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062e\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628. \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644.<\/p>\n<h2>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f: \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/h2>\n<p>\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629. \u0644\u0646\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629<\/h4>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.11-1845Automotive-Engine-Block-Manufacturing.webp\" alt=\"\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\"><figcaption>\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0647\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0646\u0648\u0649 \u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/h4>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0643\u062a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.stratasys.com\/siteassets\/3dlc\/higher-education\/tag_fdm_solublecores_en_0915_web.pdf?v=48f56f\">\u0646\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0646<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:18\"><a href=\"#fn:18\" class=\"footnote-ref\">18<\/a><\/sup>)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0628\u0637\u0623<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 - \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647 - \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 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\u0634\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0643<\/h3>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE. \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0643 \u0645\u0646 100 \u0625\u0644\u0649 100,000 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0645\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629. \u062f\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0645\u0646 100 \u0625\u0644\u0649 100,000 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u061f<\/p>\n<h3>\u0628\u062f\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 100 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 100 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0643 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0642\u0643 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0647\u0646\u0627.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a<\/h4>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 (100 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 (100 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0621<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0628\u0647<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.11-1848Automotive-Engine-Blocks-Manufacturing-Comparison.webp\" alt=\"\u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\"><figcaption>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 100,000 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0644\u0633\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629. \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628\u061b \u0623\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645. \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.calculator.net\/amortization-calculator.html\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0621<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:19\"><a href=\"#fn:19\" class=\"footnote-ref\">19<\/a><\/sup> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0646\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0633\u0637\u0629<\/h4>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">1 - 500<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2. \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">501 - 5,000<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>3. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062c\u064a\u0645<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">5,001+<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642. \u064a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0644\u0647 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639. \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0647\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0644\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u061f \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628 PTSMAKE \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646!<\/h2>\n<p>\u0647\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u061f \u0627\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 PTSMAKE \u0628\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u0644 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 - \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0647!<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/contact\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/PTSMAKE-Inquiry-image-1500.jpg\" alt=\"\u0627\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 - PTSMAKE\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"footnotes\">\n<hr \/>\n<ol>\n<li id=\"fn:1\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<a href=\"#fnref1:1\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:2\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 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class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:8\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f.<a href=\"#fnref1:8\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:9\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 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id=\"fn:11\">\n<p>\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0643.<a href=\"#fnref1:11\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:12\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0650\u0637\u0639 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627.<a href=\"#fnref1:12\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:13\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0644\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a.<a href=\"#fnref1:13\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:14\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a.<a href=\"#fnref1:14\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:15\">\n<p>\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a.<a href=\"#fnref1:15\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:16\">\n<p>\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646.<a href=\"#fnref1:16\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:17\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c.<a href=\"#fnref1:17\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:18\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a.<a href=\"#fnref1:18\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:19\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0643.<a href=\"#fnref1:19\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Finding the right casting method can make or break your manufacturing project timeline and budget. Many engineers struggle with this choice, watching costs spiral when they pick the wrong process for their volume requirements or material specifications. Sand casting uses expendable sand molds for flexible, low-volume production of complex parts in various alloys, while die [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":11782,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"none","_seopress_titles_title":"Sand Casting vs Die Casting: The Ultimate Decision Guide 2025","_seopress_titles_desc":"Discover the best casting method for your project. Learn the differences and find the optimal fit for your manufacturing needs.","_seopress_robots_index":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[28],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11727","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-casting"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11727","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11727"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11727\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11784,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11727\/revisions\/11784"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11782"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11727"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11727"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11727"}],"curies":[{"name":"\u062f\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0628\u064a","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}