{"id":11693,"date":"2025-11-19T20:27:35","date_gmt":"2025-11-19T12:27:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/?p=11693"},"modified":"2025-11-13T20:27:55","modified_gmt":"2025-11-13T12:27:55","slug":"investment-casting-vs-die-casting-the-ultimate-decision-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/investment-casting-vs-die-casting-the-ultimate-decision-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628: \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0628 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\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\"><figcaption>\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a 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\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0647.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0634\u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0628 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\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647. \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u063a\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Slurry\">\u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:1\"><a href=\"#fn:1\" class=\"footnote-ref\">1<\/a><\/sup> \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u062c\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0642<\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0642\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \"\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\" \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0647\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0635\u0651\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632 \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645. \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u062d\u0628.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">1. \u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0642\u0630\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">2. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0641\u064a\u0641<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">3. \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u064f\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0641.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE\u060c \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631. \u0641\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0634\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643 \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u0648\u064a. \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644. \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0643\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644. \u064a\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0632\u0646\u0643\u060c \u0625\u0644\u062e.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 (\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0649<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.11-1531Die-Casting-Machine-Steel-Mold-Process.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629\"><figcaption>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0635\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u064b\u0627. \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0644\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0633 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0636\u0626\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629. \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645: \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dictionary.com\/browse\/solidification\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:2\"><a href=\"#fn:2\" class=\"footnote-ref\">2<\/a><\/sup> \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0634\u0645\u0639\/\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 100,000 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f (\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 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\u0644\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645. \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0643\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0646\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0642\u0644. \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 (\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.11-1533Metal-Alloy-Parts-Comparison.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637\"><figcaption>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647. \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639. \u0648\u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 1600 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 (2900 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u062a). \u064a\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645. \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0647. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0630\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0627.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643<\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629. \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0647. \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644. \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.metaltek.com\/blog\/what-are-ferrous-alloys\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:3\"><a href=\"#fn:3\" class=\"footnote-ref\">3<\/a><\/sup> \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u064a\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 (A380)\u060c \u0632\u0646\u0643 (\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0643 3)\u060c \u0645\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 (AZ91D)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 ~ 1510 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 ~ 660 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0642\u0635\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645. \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062e\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0635\u0639\u0628 \/ \u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062c\u064a\u062f \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062c\u064a\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u06212:<\/p>\n<figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.11-1535Complex-Metal-Gear-With-Internal-Channels.webp\" alt=\"\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629\"><figcaption>\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u06213:<br \/>\n\u0648\u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 <a href=\"https:\/\/cac.org\/news\/at-one-ment-ending-the-sacrificial-pattern\/\">\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0646<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:4\"><a href=\"#fn:4\" class=\"footnote-ref\">4<\/a><\/sup>, \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b. \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0623\u064a\u0646. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u062d\u0628. \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE\u060c \u0642\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0642<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0642\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u06214:<br \/>\n\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0644\u0642\u0630\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0650\u0637\u0639.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u06215:<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0644\u0646\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645. \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \"\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\" \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0646\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 Ra (\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629).<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 Ra \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0646\u0627.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a (\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a (\u03bcin)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">1.6 \u2013 3.2<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">63 \u2013 125<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">3.2 \u2013 6.3<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">125 \u2013 250<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.11-1536Metal-Parts-Surface-Finish-Comparison.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\"><figcaption>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627. \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0643\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Temperature_cycling\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:5\"><a href=\"#fn:5\" class=\"footnote-ref\">5<\/a><\/sup>, \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643 (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0649<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 (\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 (\u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u0628 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064b\u0627 (\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 Ra \u0623\u0642\u0644). \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627. \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u064b.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0646\u0627\u060c \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a (\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u00b1 0.005 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629\/\u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 (0.005 \u0645\u0645\/\u0645\u0645)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u00b1 0.0015 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629\/\u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 (0.0015 \u0645\u0645\/\u0645\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0637\u064a\u062d (\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">0.005 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">0.002 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">~\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 0.060\" (1.5 \u0645\u0645)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">~\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 0.020 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 (0.5 \u0645\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u0627\u0641\u064d \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.11-1538Investment-Casting-Vs-Die-Casting-Tolerance-Comparison.webp\" alt=\"\u0642\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\"><figcaption>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u062f\u0642. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631. \u0641\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0630\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064d \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0621 \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a <a href=\"https:\/\/help.autodesk.com\/view\/MFIA\/2024\/ENU\/?guid=MoldflowInsight_CLC_Results_Fill_or_flow_results_Volumetric_shrinkage_result_html\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645\u064a<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:6\"><a href=\"#fn:6\" class=\"footnote-ref\">6<\/a><\/sup>, \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636. \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u064a \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 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left;\">\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0642\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.11-1539Break-even-Analysis-Chart-Manufacturing-Costs.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645\"><figcaption>\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0646. \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0623\u0642\u0644. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0643\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0649. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0645\u0643 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.calculator.net\/amortization-calculator.html\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0621<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:7\"><a href=\"#fn:7\" class=\"footnote-ref\">7<\/a><\/sup>. \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639. \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0643.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0642\u0644 (\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0644)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 (\u0622\u0644\u064a)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0621<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0624\u062a\u064a \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.11-1541Manufacturing-Cost-Comparison-Components-Display.webp\" alt=\"\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\"><figcaption>\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062f\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0625\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/h4>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0646\u0633\u062e \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639. \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0648\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628. \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649. \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.calculator.net\/amortization-calculator.html\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0621<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:8\"><a href=\"#fn:8\" class=\"footnote-ref\">8<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645<\/h4>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c. \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 5,000)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 10,000)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0634\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062e\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0636\u0628\u0648\u0637\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062e\u0634\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u060c \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.11-1543Metal-Brackets-Grain-Structure-Comparison.webp\" alt=\"\u0642\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\"><figcaption>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \"\u064a\u0635\u062f\u0645\" \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646. \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0628\u0637\u0621 \u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0642\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0628. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u064a\u0634\u062c\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0637\u0623 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dendrite_(metal)\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:9\"><a href=\"#fn:9\" class=\"footnote-ref\">9<\/a><\/sup>, \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628<\/h3>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 (\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062d\u0628\u0633 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646. \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0637\u064a\u0621 \u0648\u0645\u0636\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645. \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642. \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0630\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0634\u0637\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637\u060c \u062a\u0641\u062c\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.11-1544Secondary-Operations-For-Cast-Parts.webp\" alt=\"\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\"><figcaption>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629. \u0641\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0627\u0641\u064a.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d. \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u0646\u0635\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628<\/h4>\n<p>\u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0643\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0622\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644. \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0639\u0645<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0639\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0641\u064a\u062d<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0639\u0645<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0639\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0639\u0645 (\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0639\u0645 (\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0639<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0639\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/devest\">\u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u062c<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:10\"><a href=\"#fn:10\" class=\"footnote-ref\">10<\/a><\/sup> \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0625\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0643\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u0641\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0630\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0645\u0627. \u0641\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0643.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0643.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f. \u0641\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062f<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 75 \u0643\u062c\u0645.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0628\u0637\u0623 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062f<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628) \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628) \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.11-1546Investment-Casting-Vs-Die-Casting-Limitations.webp\" alt=\"\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\"><figcaption>\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630. \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0635\u0628 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631. \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Permeability_(porous_media)\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:11\"><a href=\"#fn:11\" class=\"footnote-ref\">11<\/a><\/sup> \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0636\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0631\u0634\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 (\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 (\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0649)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062d\u062c\u0645<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644.<\/p>\n<h2>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629: \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0636\u0627\u0647\u0649<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621. \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f. \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.11-1547Aerospace-Turbine-Blade-Engineering-Excellence.webp\" alt=\"\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\"><figcaption>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 1,000 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Superalloy\">\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:12\"><a href=\"#fn:12\" class=\"footnote-ref\">12<\/a><\/sup>. \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0630\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u064a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0641\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0639\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0646. \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629. \u064a\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u0648\u0649 \u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629. \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a: \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636\u061f<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0623\u0631\u062e\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u064b<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c 1,000)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c 1,000,000+)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.11-1549Automotive-Gearbox-Housing.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629\"><figcaption>\u0645\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0639\u062c\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0624\u062a\u064a \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hynesindustries.com\/blog\/the-top-3-benefits-of-tooling-cost-amortization\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:13\"><a href=\"#fn:13\" class=\"footnote-ref\">13<\/a><\/sup>. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h4>\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627<\/h4>\n<p>\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u060c \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062c\u0632\u0621.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 <code>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/code> \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0636\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a. \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 (\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0633)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0642\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644. \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639.<\/p>\n<h2>\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/h2>\n<p>\u0623\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0635\u0639\u0628\u064b\u0627. \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f. \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062d\u062c\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u061f \u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0636\u062d\u064a \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629\u061f \u0623\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u061f<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0636\u0639 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0640...<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641\u061f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0645\u0642\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u061f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.11-1551Investment-Casting-Vs-Die-Casting-Components.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\"><figcaption>\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a. \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 1: \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 (DFM)<\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0647\u0646\u0627. \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u062f\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628. \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 2: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a 2: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0627\u064b\u061f \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0633\u0637. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0635\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0644. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 3: \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.paddle.com\/resources\/unit-economics\">\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:14\"><a href=\"#fn:14\" class=\"footnote-ref\">14<\/a><\/sup> \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a. \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 (\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644 (\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 (\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 (\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a. \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644. \u064a\u0631\u0634\u062f\u0643 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623. \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u061f \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0644\u0647 \u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631<\/h3>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 (\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 (304)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">1400 \u2013 1450<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 (\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">~ 600<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a (\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 H13)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">~ 1425<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.11-1552Stainless-Steel-Automotive-Bracket-Design.webp\" alt=\"\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\"><figcaption>\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a H13. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0630\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u064a. \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0635\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0647\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC8036270\/\">\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:15\"><a href=\"#fn:15\" class=\"footnote-ref\">15<\/a><\/sup>, \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0648\u0625\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d. \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u0646\u0627.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a. \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062f\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0631 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 (TCO).<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644. \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644. \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0628\u0633\u0637<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0628\u0637\u0623<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.11-1554Investment-Casting-Vs-Die-Casting-Parts.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\"><figcaption>\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645<\/h4>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 5 \u0625\u0644\u0649 10 \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 (FAI) \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 (PPAP). \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<h4>\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/h4>\n<p>\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.calculator.net\/amortization-calculator.html\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0621<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:16\"><a href=\"#fn:16\" class=\"footnote-ref\">16<\/a><\/sup> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>5,000 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0642\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>25,000 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0624<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0624<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 100,000 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0642\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0628\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062d\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0645\u0639 PTSMAKE \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645!<\/h2>\n<p>\u0647\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u061f \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 PTSMAKE \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a - \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645 \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0643. \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0643 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628!<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/contact\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/PTSMAKE-Inquiry-image-1500.jpg\" alt=\"\u0627\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 - PTSMAKE\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"footnotes\">\n<hr \/>\n<ol>\n<li id=\"fn:1\">\n<p>\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<a href=\"#fnref1:1\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:2\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647.<a href=\"#fnref1:2\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:3\">\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639.<a href=\"#fnref1:3\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:4\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0630\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644.<a href=\"#fnref1:4\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:5\">\n<p>\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0650\u0637\u0639 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629.<a href=\"#fnref1:5\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:6\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 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class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:8\">\n<p>\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0643.<a href=\"#fnref1:8\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:9\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f.<a href=\"#fnref1:9\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:10\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a.<a href=\"#fnref1:10\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:11\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0648\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645.<a href=\"#fnref1:11\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:12\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 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id=\"fn:14\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0628\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629.<a href=\"#fnref1:14\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:15\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0650\u0637\u0639.<a href=\"#fnref1:15\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:16\">\n<p>\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629.<a href=\"#fnref1:16\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Choosing between investment casting and die casting for your parts can make or break your project timeline and budget. Many engineers struggle with this decision because the wrong choice leads to costly redesigns, extended lead times, and parts that don&#8217;t meet specifications. Investment casting uses a sacrificial wax pattern and ceramic shell to create complex, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":11785,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"none","_seopress_titles_title":"Investment Casting vs Die Casting: The Ultimate Decision Guide","_seopress_titles_desc":"Navigate the complexities of investment casting vs die casting to optimize your project's timeline and budget. Discover the key decision factors today!","_seopress_robots_index":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[28],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11693","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-casting"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11693","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11693"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11693\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11786,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11693\/revisions\/11786"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11785"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11693"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11693"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11693"}],"curies":[{"name":"\u062f\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0628\u064a","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}