{"id":11565,"date":"2025-11-08T20:11:31","date_gmt":"2025-11-08T12:11:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/?p=11565"},"modified":"2025-11-09T07:36:34","modified_gmt":"2025-11-08T23:36:34","slug":"practical-guide-to-metal-casting-from-basics-to-fixes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/practical-guide-to-metal-casting-from-basics-to-fixes\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645. \u062a\u0641\u0634\u0644 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src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.07-2145Metal-Casting-Process.webp\" alt=\"\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629\"><figcaption>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628. \u064a\u0642\u0633\u0645 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\u062f\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0643.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u063a\u0631\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0640<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644<\/td>\n<td>\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<td>\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/td>\n<td>\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.03-2201Metal-Casting-Process-Comparison-Display.webp\" alt=\"\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\"><figcaption>\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0643. \u062f\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<h4>\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/h4>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062d\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<h4>\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 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\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644. \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Porosity\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:1\"><a href=\"#fn:1\" class=\"footnote-ref\">1<\/a><\/sup>, \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0650\u0637\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<h4>\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628<\/h4>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631. \u0633\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0643 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<td>\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 (\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<td>\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/td>\n<td>\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u062e\u0634\u0646<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 (\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 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\u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.07-2147Precision-Molded-Parts.webp\" alt=\"\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\"><figcaption>\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a: \u0628\u0637\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0647\u0634\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0650\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1359645422000453\">\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:2\"><a href=\"#fn:2\" class=\"footnote-ref\">2<\/a><\/sup>. \u064a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642. \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0646\u0643 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062c\u064a\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0637\u064a\u0651\u0639<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062c\u064a\u062f \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0633<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0643.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f. \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/h3>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629. \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062e\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.07-2202Precision-Machined-Components.webp\" alt=\"\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\"><figcaption>\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639. \u0648\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637. \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Galvanic_corrosion\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:3\"><a href=\"#fn:3\" class=\"footnote-ref\">3<\/a><\/sup> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 (\u062c\u0645\/\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">~2.7<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">~8.9<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">~7.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062c\u064a\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062c\u064a\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062c\u064a\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062c\u064a\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643. \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0650 \u0628\u0639\u062f. \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a. \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u064a\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647. \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0647\u0632\u0629\/\u0636\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0631\u0648\/ \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.07-2204Precision-CNC-Machined-Components.webp\" alt=\"\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\"><figcaption>\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u062a\u064a\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u062a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0634\u0645\u0629. \u062a\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0640<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u062d\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0637\u0623<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0634\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>\u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635<\/h4>\n<p>\u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f\u060c \u0646\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0642\u0644. \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u062f\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642.<\/p>\n<p>\u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Microstructure\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:4\"><a href=\"#fn:4\" class=\"footnote-ref\">4<\/a><\/sup>. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/h4>\n<p>\u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 CMM\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u0631 (NDT). \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0627 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0636 \u0648\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0621\u0627\u062a. \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u062f\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062e\u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639. \u0641\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u063a\u0631\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u064b\u0627. \u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0642\u064a\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u064a\u0631\u0634\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.07-2206Red-Hot-Metal-Parts.webp\" alt=\"\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629\"><figcaption>\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0641\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0632\u0631 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646. \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0628\u0637\u0621 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0641\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0633\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639: \u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0641\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0642 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062f\u0646. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f: \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649<\/h3>\n<p>\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Austenite\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u062a<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:5\"><a href=\"#fn:5\" class=\"footnote-ref\">5<\/a><\/sup>. \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a. \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0634\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639. \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629. \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u0645 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 (DFM) \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u062f\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c. \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0642.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u062f\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0633\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u062e\u0627\u0621<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0642<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.03-2209Precision-Metal-Casting-Component-Design.webp\" alt=\"\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629\"><figcaption>\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0643 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639. \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646. \u062f\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stress_concentration\">\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:6\"><a href=\"#fn:6\" class=\"footnote-ref\">6<\/a><\/sup>, \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644. \u0628\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0644\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u062f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0637\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u0637\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646. \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 1-2 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u0631\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u0645\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0628\u0637\u0623. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u0629. \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0628 \u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642. \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u062f\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u062f\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 90 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 1-3 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">0 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0637\u0633 0 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 (\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0642<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0648\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u062f\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d. \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0627\u064b. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u064a\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621. \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d.<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0643. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0646. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u062d\u062c\u0645\/\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.03-2211Metal-Casting-Parts-Selection-Guide.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\"><figcaption>\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0643.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621<\/h3>\n<p>\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0643. \u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u0639 100 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0645 100,000 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644. \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0636\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u064a\u0624\u062a\u064a \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644. \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 <a href=\"https:\/\/vietnamcastiron.com\/gating-system\/\">\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:7\"><a href=\"#fn:7\" class=\"footnote-ref\">7<\/a><\/sup> \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h4>\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0647\u0627<\/h4>\n<p>\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0633 \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u061f \u0623\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u061f \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u060c \u0636\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0647. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0641\u0636\u0641\u0627\u0636<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0643. \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644. \u0623\u0648\u0635\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u064a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u063a\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0621.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0643 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0643.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.03-2212Aluminum-Engine-Block-Metal-Casting.webp\" alt=\"\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629\"><figcaption>\u0635\u0628 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0624\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0633\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u062f \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0636\u0644\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d. \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.calculator.net\/amortization-calculator.html\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0621<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:8\"><a href=\"#fn:8\" class=\"footnote-ref\">8<\/a><\/sup>, \u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/h3>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u00d7 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u062c\u0645<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 x \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0625\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629\/\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">% \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0643 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0622\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0627 \u063a\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0643 \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0643 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646: \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634. \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647 \u0646\u0647\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064b\u0627. \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629. \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0644. \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0633<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 15% \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.07-2209Metal-Casting-Defects.webp\" alt=\"\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629\"><figcaption>\u0635\u0628 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645. \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u063a\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0626\u062a\u0627 \u2018\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629\u2019 \u0648\u2018\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f\u2019 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0626 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 <a href=\"https:\/\/help.autodesk.com\/view\/MFIA\/2024\/ENU\/?guid=MoldflowInsight_CLC_Results_Fill_or_flow_results_Volumetric_shrinkage_result_html\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645\u064a<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:9\"><a href=\"#fn:9\" class=\"footnote-ref\">9<\/a><\/sup> \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0644\u0628\u060c \u064a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u062d\u062c\u0645\u0647. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636 \u0643\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0628. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0642\u062f \u0646\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 15% \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0646\u062c\u062d\u061f \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u062b\u0645 \u0646\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u0631\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0639<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634\u060c \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645. \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0646\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0647.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641. \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0643\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629. \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u062f\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062a\u0631\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">15 \u0643\u062c\u0645<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">13 \u0643\u062c\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">10 \u0643\u062c\u0645<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">10 \u0643\u062c\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">66.7%<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">76.9%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.03-2215Automotive-Engine-Block-Metal-Casting.webp\" alt=\"\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f\"><figcaption>\u0635\u0628 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0646\u0647\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0635\u0628 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u063a\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0647. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/help.autodesk.com\/view\/MFIA\/2024\/ENU\/?guid=MoldflowInsight_CLC_Results_Fill_or_flow_results_Volumetric_shrinkage_result_html\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645\u064a<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:10\"><a href=\"#fn:10\" class=\"footnote-ref\">10<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062e\u0631\u062f\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0647\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0635\u0628 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u062f\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629. \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u062f\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 1000 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">5%<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">3%<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">1%<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0649<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c.<\/p>\n<p>\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0623\u064a\u0646. \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f. \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0627\u0634\u0644\u060c \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0634\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064b\u0627. \u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646. \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0646\u0628\u0643 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0628<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">5<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.03-2216Failed-Metal-Casting-Defect-Analysis.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0628 \u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644\"><figcaption>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0634\u0644<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0641\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0635\u062f\u0639.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0646 1 \u06482: \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633<\/h4>\n<p>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0644. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0627\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c. \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629. \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a. \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a 3 \u0648 4 \u0648 5: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644<\/h4>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647. \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 <a href=\"https:\/\/rtilab.com\/analytical-services\/materials-testing-division\/metallurgical\/\">\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:11\"><a href=\"#fn:11\" class=\"footnote-ref\">11<\/a><\/sup>. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064b\u0627\u061b \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633. \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0643 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0629\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0643\u062e\u0627\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0627\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0637 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0646\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0633\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631<\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0629. \u0646\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629. \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629. \u0646\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nde-ed.org\/NDETechniques\/Radiography\/TechCalibrations\/RadiographInterp_Castings.xhtml\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:12\"><a href=\"#fn:12\" class=\"footnote-ref\">12<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0632\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0646\u062c<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0628\u062b\u0642\u0629. \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0644\u0646\u0627. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631. \u0627\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u062c\u062d\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u062a\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u062c\u0632\u0621.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c<\/h3>\n<p>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0640<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">10 - 1,000<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642\u060c \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">100,000+<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0649<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>\u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646. \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0623\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628. \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.03-2220Metal-Casting-Production-Scale-Transition.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0643 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\"><figcaption>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0636\u0628\u0648\u0637. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h4>\u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0643<\/h4>\n<p>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0629 \u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631. \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644. \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a <code>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646<\/code> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h4>\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u0621. \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.milliken.com\/en-us\/businesses\/performance-solutions-by-milliken\/blogs\/process-variation\">\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:13\"><a href=\"#fn:13\" class=\"footnote-ref\">13<\/a><\/sup> \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/h4>\n<p>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u0633\u0647. \u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (SPC) \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0643.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646. \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 (DOE) \u0647\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 DOE<\/h3>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<hr \/>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.03-2221Engineer-Analyzing-Manufacturing-Defects.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628\"><figcaption>\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0639\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0641\u064a. \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0644\u062c\u0648\u0626\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 (DOE). \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0629. \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u062e\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629. \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062d. \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0628\u0637\u064a\u0621 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u0647\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062b\u0644 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orthogonal_array\">\u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0629<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:14\"><a href=\"#fn:14\" class=\"footnote-ref\">14<\/a><\/sup> \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/h3>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 1 (\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 2 (\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">1400\u00b0C<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">1450\u00b0C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 %<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">3%<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">5%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062d<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">0.1%<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">0.2%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0623\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0636\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0641\u062a\u062d \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 PTSMAKE<\/h2>\n<p>\u0647\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628\u061f \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628 PTSMAKE \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635! \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646\u0643 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 - \u0628\u063a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645. \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645!<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/contact\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/PTSMAKE-Inquiry-image-1500.jpg\" alt=\"\u0627\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 - PTSMAKE\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"footnotes\">\n<hr \/>\n<ol>\n<li id=\"fn:1\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0650\u0637\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627.<a href=\"#fnref1:1\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:2\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631.<a href=\"#fnref1:2\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:3\">\n<p>\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a.<a href=\"#fnref1:3\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:4\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627.<a href=\"#fnref1:4\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:5\">\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630.<a href=\"#fnref1:5\" 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id=\"fn:13\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c.<a href=\"#fnref1:13\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:14\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639.<a href=\"#fnref1:14\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Metal casting defects cost manufacturers millions each year. Parts fail quality inspections, delivery schedules slip, and relationships with customers suffer when casting processes go wrong. Metal casting is a manufacturing process where molten metal is poured into a mold cavity to create parts. This guide covers 14 key processes, material selection, defect prevention, and cost [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":11566,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"none","_seopress_titles_title":"Practical Guide to Metal Casting: From Basics to Fixes","_seopress_titles_desc":"Unlock cost savings and prevent defects in metal casting. Explore 14 key processes for quality from prototype to production.","_seopress_robots_index":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[28],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11565","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-casting"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11565","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11565"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11565\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11572,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11565\/revisions\/11572"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11566"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11565"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11565"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11565"}],"curies":[{"name":"\u062f\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0628\u064a","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}