{"id":11490,"date":"2025-11-04T20:33:27","date_gmt":"2025-11-04T12:33:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/?p=11490"},"modified":"2025-11-07T21:41:05","modified_gmt":"2025-11-07T13:41:05","slug":"custom-copper-casting-manufacturer-ptsmake","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/custom-copper-casting-manufacturer-ptsmake\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 | PTSMAKE"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0643\u064b\u0627 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\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629. \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0646\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a 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left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0640<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062e\u0634\u0646<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u0644\u0633<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.03-1617Precision-Machined-Components.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 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\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062f\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631. \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0643. \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE \u0628\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<h4>\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0648\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f<\/h4>\n<p>\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0644\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642. \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d (Ra)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">12.5 - 25 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">1.6 - 3.2 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u00b1 0.8 \u0645\u0645<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u00b1 0.15 \u0645\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f<\/h4>\n<p>\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645. \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0647. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u0633\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a. \u0625\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/articulate-heroes.s3.amazonaws.com\/uploads\/attachment\/attachment_url\/8367\/sandtometaltest.html?dl=true\">\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:1\"><a href=\"#fn:1\" class=\"footnote-ref\">1<\/a><\/sup> \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0632\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621. \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633. \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u063a\u0631\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u0646\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 C83600\u060c \u0648C95400\u060c \u0648C17200. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.03-0819Different-Copper-Alloy-Samples-Comparison.webp\" alt=\"\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\"><figcaption>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635 C83600 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u064a. \u064a\u062d\u0633\u0650\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 C95400 \u0648\u062d\u0634\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0627\u064b. \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630. \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0640 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Galling\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:2\"><a href=\"#fn:2\" class=\"footnote-ref\">2<\/a><\/sup> \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0643 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 C17200 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0628\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u063a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>C83600<\/td>\n<td>\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635\u064a<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>C95400<\/td>\n<td>\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/td>\n<td>\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\/\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>C17200<\/td>\n<td>\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u064b\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 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\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0647\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0628.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.03-1618Precision-Machined-Components.webp\" alt=\"\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627\"><figcaption>\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b. \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627. \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0646\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u062d\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644<\/h4>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0632\u0648\u062c \u0628\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Permeability_(electromagnetism)\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:3\"><a href=\"#fn:3\" class=\"footnote-ref\">3<\/a><\/sup> \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/h4>\n<p>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u062d\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0633\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0626\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/h4>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064d. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062d\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639. \u0641\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c. \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0628<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u062e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0646<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.03-0822Copper-Casting-Defects-Classification-System.webp\" alt=\"\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629\"><figcaption>\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0633\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628. \u0647\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629\u061f \u0646\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628. \u0647\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u064a\u0628 \u063a\u0627\u0632\u061f \u0646\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/solidification.mechanical.illinois.edu\/Book\/pdf\/Chap12-7page.pdf\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:4\"><a href=\"#fn:4\" class=\"footnote-ref\">4<\/a><\/sup> \u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644<\/h3>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0647. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0628<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0646<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0646<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0649\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0646\u062c\u062d \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0641\u0634\u0644.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f: \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.03-0823Complex-Metal-Impeller-With-Curved-Blades.webp\" alt=\"\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\"><figcaption>\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0636\u064a\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631. \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u0628.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0633\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0634\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0635\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643\u061f \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644. \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a. \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Permeability_(electromagnetism)\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:5\"><a href=\"#fn:5\" class=\"footnote-ref\">5<\/a><\/sup> \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0646\u0627.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u062d\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0647<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u062f\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.03-0825Raw-Copper-Casting-Surface-Details.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\"><figcaption>\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647. \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627. \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633. \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/h4>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062d\u0633\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062e\u0641\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0628\u0637\u0621.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644<\/h4>\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oed.com\/dictionary\/solutionizing_n\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:6\"><a href=\"#fn:6\" class=\"footnote-ref\">6<\/a><\/sup>. \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0635\u0644\u0628. \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0648\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0632\/\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c 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\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633. \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c. \u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629. \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0642\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.03-1621Complex-Brass-Component.webp\" alt=\"\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\"><figcaption>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 1080 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 (1984 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u062a). \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 H13\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f. \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/materials-science\/thermal-fatigue\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:7\"><a href=\"#fn:7\" class=\"footnote-ref\">7<\/a><\/sup> \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE\u060c \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0639\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/h3>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u063a\u0633\u062a\u0646 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0639 \u0636\u063a\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0636\u063a\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0621 \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0643\u062a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0637\u0623<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0647<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633. \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0628\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0633\u0637\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062d\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 ASTM B824 \u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 - \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a - \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0633\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0647.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0636\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.03-1624Precision-Machined-Parts.webp\" alt=\"\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\"><figcaption>\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631<\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0643. \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>\u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629. \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0647\u0627<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0635\u0628 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u064a\u0636\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.asrt.org\/main\/standards-and-regulations\/professional-practice\/practice-standards-online\">\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:8\"><a href=\"#fn:8\" class=\"footnote-ref\">8<\/a><\/sup> \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0633\u0637\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0628<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639\u064a (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 ASTM E446.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0635\u0628\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>\u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u064b. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u064a\u0641\u064a \u0628\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 ASTM \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u064a\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f. \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0643. \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639<\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0647.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u0627<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a \/ \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 (\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 (BeCu)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 + \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e\u0648\u062e\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 + \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e\u0648\u062e\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.03-1629Steel-Production-Line.webp\" alt=\"\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\"><figcaption>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE \u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631<\/h4>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629. \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0641\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0651\u0646\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e\u0648\u062e\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Precipitation_hardening\">\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:9\"><a href=\"#fn:9\" class=\"footnote-ref\">9<\/a><\/sup> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 (BeCu). \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<h5>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 1: \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644<\/h5>\n<p>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0635\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u062e\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<h5>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 2: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645 (\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628)<\/h5>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 BeCu\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a (QA) \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0647. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u061b \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643 \u064a\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0646\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629. \u062b\u0645 \u0646\u062d\u062f\u062f \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a. \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/h3>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 <strong>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633<\/strong> \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.03-0830Copper-Casting-Dimensional-Inspection-Setup.webp\" alt=\"\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\"><figcaption>\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0647. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u063a\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0627\u062a (CMM). \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0627\u062a (CMM) \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621. \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0636\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0634\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0623\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metrology\">\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:10\"><a href=\"#fn:10\" class=\"footnote-ref\">10<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\/\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631. \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645. \u0648\u062a\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0639 PTSMAKE \u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0647\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u061f \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0640 PTSMAKE \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0635\u0651\u0644 - \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0643. \u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0645\u0639 PTSMAKE!<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/contact\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/PTSMAKE-Inquiry-image-1500.jpg\" alt=\"\u0627\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 - PTSMAKE\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"footnotes\">\n<hr \/>\n<ol>\n<li id=\"fn:1\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0647.<a href=\"#fnref1:1\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:2\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<a href=\"#fnref1:2\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:3\">\n<p>\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629.<a href=\"#fnref1:3\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:4\">\n<p>\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647.<a href=\"#fnref1:4\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:5\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629.<a href=\"#fnref1:5\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:6\">\n<p>\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629.<a href=\"#fnref1:6\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:7\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<a href=\"#fnref1:7\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:8\">\n<p>\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0639\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0643.<a href=\"#fnref1:8\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:9\">\n<p>\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629.<a href=\"#fnref1:9\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:10\">\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639.<a href=\"#fnref1:10\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Finding the right copper casting manufacturer feels overwhelming when your project demands precision and reliability. You&#8217;re dealing with complex alloy selections, process decisions, and quality requirements that can make or break your component&#8217;s performance. PTSMAKE specializes in custom copper casting with advanced sand casting, investment casting, and permanent mold processes. We deliver precision copper components [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":11538,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"none","_seopress_titles_title":"Custom Copper Casting Manufacturer | PTSMAKE","_seopress_titles_desc":"PTSMAKE excels in custom copper casting, delivering precision components with on-time delivery for aerospace, automotive, and more. Explore our expertise.","_seopress_robots_index":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[28],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11490","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-casting"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11490","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11490"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11490\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11544,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11490\/revisions\/11544"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11538"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11490"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11490"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11490"}],"curies":[{"name":"\u062f\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0628\u064a","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}