{"id":11459,"date":"2025-11-02T21:41:13","date_gmt":"2025-11-02T13:41:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/?p=11459"},"modified":"2025-11-02T21:41:13","modified_gmt":"2025-11-02T13:41:13","slug":"the-ultimate-guide-to-stainless-steel-investment-casting","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/the-ultimate-guide-to-stainless-steel-investment-casting\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 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left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.01-2137Complex-Stainless-Steel-Engine-Components.webp\" alt=\"\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629\"><figcaption>\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0647\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062e\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f. \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0630\u0627\u062a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Isotropy\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:1\"><a href=\"#fn:1\" class=\"footnote-ref\">1<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0630\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u0631<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0630\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 (\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 PTSMAKE \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u2018\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u2019 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0628. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0636\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a (304\/316)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628 (17-4 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0629)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645 (Cr)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">18-20%<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">15-17.5%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 (\u0646\u064a)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">8-14%<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">3-5%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 (C)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">&lt;0.081.08%<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">&lt;0.071.07%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645 (\u0641\u064a 316)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 (Cu)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Nb)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.01-2138Different-Stainless-Steel-Component-Grades.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\"><figcaption>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0651<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a (304\/316)\u060c \u064a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0621 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oxfordreference.com\/abstract\/10.1093\/acref\/9780199534463.001.0001\/acref-9780199534463-e-6664\">\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:2\"><a href=\"#fn:2\" class=\"footnote-ref\">2<\/a><\/sup>. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0632\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h4>\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c<\/h4>\n<p>\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0631\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0641\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 17-4 PH \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628. \u0648\u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633: \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0646\u0645\u0637\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u064b. \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/h4>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062c\u064a\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062e\u0634\u0646<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.02-2132CNC-Machined-Metal-Finishes.webp\" alt=\"\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0633 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\"><figcaption>\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/h3>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629. \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a. \u0625\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rheology\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:3\"><a href=\"#fn:3\" class=\"footnote-ref\">3<\/a><\/sup> \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<h4>\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u063a\u0645\u0633 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639\u060c \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\u060c \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0633<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u064f\u063a\u0645\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0637.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0641<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0637.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u063a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0636\u0639 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0628.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0642\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0633. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646. \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u0623\u064b \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646<\/h3>\n<p>\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0646<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0637\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0641\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0627\u0635\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.02-2134Precision-Machined-Components.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\"><figcaption>\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646<\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0647\u0627. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u062d\u0634 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Isovolumetric_contraction\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645\u064a<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:4\"><a href=\"#fn:4\" class=\"footnote-ref\">4<\/a><\/sup> \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628\u0647<\/h3>\n<p>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d. \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u062d\u062c\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0646\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0642\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0643\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646: \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623. \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/h3>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0642\/\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0635\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0647<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.01-2143Wax-Pattern-Surface-Defects-Analysis.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\"><figcaption>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631: \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627. \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0646<\/h4>\n<p>\u0641\u0643\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639. \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0634\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c. \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u060c \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0633\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0623 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bruschitech.com\/blog\/shrinkage-porosity-causes-and-remedies\">\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:5\"><a href=\"#fn:5\" class=\"footnote-ref\">5<\/a><\/sup> \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639<\/h4>\n<p>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u062e\u0637\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0622\u062e\u0631. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u063a\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0631\u062f\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0634\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u064b. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644)\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0643.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627. \u0633\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b (\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062e\u0637\u0631\u0629 (\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u062d\u0648\u0644\u064a)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062c\u064a\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0633\u0637<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.01-2145Investment-Casting-Metal-Parts-Comparison.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\"><figcaption>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a. \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE \u0628\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u062c\u0641 \u0642\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0628\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u062a\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hydrolysis\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:6\"><a href=\"#fn:6\" class=\"footnote-ref\">6<\/a><\/sup>, \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u062e\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0647\u0646\u0627\u060c \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0636\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062d\u0648\u0644. \u0648\u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0623\u0628\u062e\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644 (\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629)\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0641\u064a\u0641<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u062e\u0631 (\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0641\u064a\u0641<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0628\u0637\u0623 (2-4 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\/\u0645\u0639\u0637\u0641)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 (1-2 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629\/\u0645\u0639\u0637\u0641)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0621<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062c\u064a\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 (\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628. \u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u0635\u0646\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u064a\u0639\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0633<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0632<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0634\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062c\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.01-2146Stainless-Steel-Bracket-Surface-Analysis.webp\" alt=\"\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629\"><figcaption>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0646\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641. \u0641\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637: \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0632. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b. \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0634\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0634. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064d \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 <code>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/code>. \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629. \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0628\u0633 \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0641\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/interdendritic\">\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:7\"><a href=\"#fn:7\" class=\"footnote-ref\">7<\/a><\/sup> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u064a\u0628 \u062e\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0628<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0641\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0634\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u062a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0628\u0633\/\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0628\u0633\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0637\u064a\u0621 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c Ra\u060c RMS) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u061b \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 Ra (\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629) \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633. \u0648\u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0642\u0644.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/h3>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">Ra \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a (\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">3.2 &#8211; 12.5<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">1.6 \u2013 6.3<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">0.4 \u2013 1.6<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.02-2137Surface-Finish-Options.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629\"><figcaption>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621. \u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0635\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0646\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cheresources.com\/invision\/blog\/4\/entry-340-calculating-physical-properties-of-slurries\/\">\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0637<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:8\"><a href=\"#fn:8\" class=\"footnote-ref\">8<\/a><\/sup> \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629. \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064b\u0627. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631. \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d (Ra)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0641\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0641\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0635<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 Ra \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062c\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0648 Ra \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 Ra \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 20%. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0646\u0647\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 Ra \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631. \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d.<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628. \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0633<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.01-2149Different-Cast-Part-Geometries-On-Workbench.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\"><figcaption>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0645\u062f \u0623\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0621. \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u0646\u0636\u0639 \u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Directional_solidification\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u064a<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:9\"><a href=\"#fn:9\" class=\"footnote-ref\">9<\/a><\/sup>, \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u061b \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u064b\u0627. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c.<\/p>\n<p>\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627. \u064a\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 - \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 - \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628. \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0647.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0647\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a (NDT) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a. \u064a\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u0631 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0647. \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u060c \u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629. \u0644\u0646\u0644\u0642\u0650 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u0631\u0629 (NDT)<\/h3>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a (VI)<\/h4>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0648\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 (MPI)<\/h4>\n<p>\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 MPI \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0641\u0642\u0637<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">MPI<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u06212:<\/p>\n<figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.01-2150Stainless-Steel-Parts-Quality-Inspection.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635\"><figcaption>\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u06213:<br \/>\n\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 (NDT)\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0642 (LPI) \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0641\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639\u064a (RT)\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0646\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spectroscopy\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u064a<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:10\"><a href=\"#fn:10\" class=\"footnote-ref\">10<\/a><\/sup> \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0640<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">LPI<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d (\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0641\u0642\u0637<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0645\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u06214:<br \/>\n\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u06215:<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0647\u0627\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0648\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647. \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0637\u062d\u0646<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0648\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.01-2151Stainless-Steel-Parts-Post-Casting-Operations.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629\"><figcaption>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628<\/h3>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u062d\u0646<\/h4>\n<p>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0634\u0637\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u062d\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0628\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0636 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0642. \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\u060c \u064a\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Passivation_(chemistry)\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:11\"><a href=\"#fn:11\" class=\"footnote-ref\">11<\/a><\/sup>, \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/h4>\n<p>\u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629. \u064a\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u062d\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0648\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643. \u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 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\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0647.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.01-2153Investment-Casting-Tooling-And-Wax-Patterns.webp\" alt=\"\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0634\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\"><figcaption>\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628<\/h3>\n<p>\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0647\u064a \u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0637\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629. \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u062f. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0647. \u0648\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 <code>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/code>.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628. \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0621 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d. \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/help.autodesk.com\/view\/MFIA\/2024\/ENU\/?guid=MoldflowInsight_CLC_Results_Fill_or_flow_results_Volumetric_shrinkage_result_html\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645\u064a<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:12\"><a href=\"#fn:12\" class=\"footnote-ref\">12<\/a><\/sup>. \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0645\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0647<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0637\u0623\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u064a\u062f<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0633<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0641\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a. \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629: \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u064a \u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0643\u0644 \u0636\u0644\u0639 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u0645\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0644\u0627\u0639\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u062a\u0645\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0636\u0644\u0639 \u0622\u062e\u0631.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/h4>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u062a<\/th>\n<th>\u0623\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0636\u062d\u064a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.01-2154Three-Precision-Gears-Trade-off-Concept.webp\" alt=\"\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629\"><figcaption>\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u062a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/h3>\n<p>\u062f\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0628. \u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE \u0628\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 1: \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0641<\/h4>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0641\u064a\u0641. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cheresources.com\/invision\/blog\/4\/entry-340-calculating-physical-properties-of-slurries\/\">\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0637<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:13\"><a href=\"#fn:13\" class=\"footnote-ref\">13<\/a><\/sup> \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0641<\/td>\n<td>\u25b2\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/td>\n<td>\u25bc \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644<\/td>\n<td>\u25b2\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 2: \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629\u060c \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629. \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0643 \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0629. \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0643 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 (FAI) \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 (FAI) \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0643.<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0623\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0621. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647. \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 FAI<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<hr \/>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.01-2156Precision-Measurement-Tools-For-Quality-Inspection.webp\" alt=\"\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629\"><figcaption>\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633: \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0643. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f. \u0648\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0625\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0636\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0640 <a href=\"https:\/\/formlabs.com\/blog\/gdt-geometric-dimensioning-and-tolerancing\/?srsltid=AfmBOooU7Cbavz_kDN928rnknwclnPYxXcPdngJ7dB5y0N1q-YrR5rBY\">\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d (GD&amp;T)<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:14\"><a href=\"#fn:14\" class=\"footnote-ref\">14<\/a><\/sup> \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u062d.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0646\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0646\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0642\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0622\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 FAI. \u0641\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0644 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \"\u0645\u0631\u0642\u0651\u0645\". \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0644 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 #<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f (\u0645\u0645)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a (\u0645\u0645)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">25.00 +\/- 0.05<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">25.02<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u062c\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">10.50 +\/- 0.05<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">10.58<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0641\u0634\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">R2.0<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">R2.0<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u062c\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c. \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629. \u062a\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0643.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0646<\/h3>\n<p>\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a. \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647. \u0646\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n<h4>\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636<\/h4>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0643<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0642\u0633\u0649\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0643<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<hr \/>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.01-2157Passivated-Stainless-Steel-Investment-Cast-Parts.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0645\u0631\u0622\u062a\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644\"><figcaption>\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0645\u0651\u062f<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u0645\u0651\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u062a\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u062e.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u063a\u0645\u0633 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062d\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d.<\/p>\n<h4>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632<\/h4>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u062e\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0643. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0623\u0642\u0644. \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0636\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chemisorption\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:15\"><a href=\"#fn:15\" class=\"footnote-ref\">15<\/a><\/sup> \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b<\/h4>\n<p>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u061f \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647. \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u063a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 <code>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/code> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c. \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 0.8 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631. \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 0.8 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 Ra \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644. \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629. \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062e\u0637\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2. \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>3. \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0635\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.01-2159Precision-Stainless-Steel-Valve-Body.webp\" alt=\"\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\"><figcaption>\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628<\/h3>\n<p>\u062f\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 1: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/h4>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0642\u0637. \u0646\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0646 0.1 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 Ra. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 2: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/h4>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0632\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0632\u0648\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0640 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Colloidal_silica\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:16\"><a href=\"#fn:16\" class=\"footnote-ref\">16<\/a><\/sup> \u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644. \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u063a\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 3: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/h4>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 0.8 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 Ra\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0639<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u062f\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0634\u0637\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0633\u0637\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0639<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0643\u0627\u0634\u0637<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0646\u0639\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 0.8 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 Ra \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a 17-4 PH \u062a\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/h2>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0629 17-4 PH \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629. \u0646\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0646\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0646\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a. \u0646\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621. \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0647\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0646\u061f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u061f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a\u061f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u061f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.01-2200Stainless-Steel-Precision-Components-Investigation.webp\" alt=\"\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629\"><figcaption>\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629. \u0646\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0640 17-4 PH. \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 H900\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a (H900)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">482 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 (900 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u062a)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">1 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0642\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0646\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0647\u0648 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0647\u0634.<\/p>\n<p>\u062b\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f (MTR) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f. \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0629 17-4 PH. \u0625\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.metalsupermarkets.com\/what-is-decarburization\/\">\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0646\u0629<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:17\"><a href=\"#fn:17\" class=\"footnote-ref\">17<\/a><\/sup>. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623. \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629. \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<h2>\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621.<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u064b\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u064a. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0637\u0621. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/h3>\n<p>\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645<\/th>\n<th>\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0621<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.01-2201Automotive-Bracket-With-Varied-Section-Thickness.webp\" alt=\"\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629\"><figcaption>\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0643<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a 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\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\u060c \u0642\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u0645\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0643\u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0637\u0626 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0647. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 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\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627. \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0623\u0631\u062e\u0635 \u0628\u0640 15%. \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0623\u0631\u062e\u0635 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641. \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629. \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0633\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644. \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0630\u0643\u0649 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0631\u062e\u0635.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.01-2203Precision-Automotive-Bracket-Manufacturing.webp\" alt=\"\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629\"><figcaption>\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647. \u0641\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062e\u0635\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639<\/h4>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621.<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641. \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629\u061f \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u062d\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/h4>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.engineeringtoolbox.com\/stoichiometric-combustion-d_399.html\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:19\"><a href=\"#fn:19\" class=\"footnote-ref\">19<\/a><\/sup> \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f. \u0641\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0624\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0624\u0643. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u064a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644.<\/p>\n<h2>\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0621. \u0646\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645. \u064a\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0643\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647. \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ptsmake2025.11.01-2204Medical-Titanium-Hip-Joint-Implant.webp\" alt=\"\u063a\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\"><figcaption>\u063a\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 <code>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/code>, \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a. \u0646\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0643\u0644 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a<\/h4>\n<p>\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \"\u062e\u064a\u0637 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\" \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c. \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0636\u064a\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0621. \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/h4>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nondestructive_testing\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u0631\u0629<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:20\"><a href=\"#fn:20\" class=\"footnote-ref\">20<\/a><\/sup>. \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0641\u062a\u062d \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0639 PTSMAKE<\/h2>\n<p>\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0636\u0627\u0647\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\u061f \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 - \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/contact\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/PTSMAKE-Inquiry-image-1500.jpg\" alt=\"\u0627\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 - PTSMAKE\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"footnotes\">\n<hr \/>\n<ol>\n<li id=\"fn:1\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0650\u0637\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627.<a href=\"#fnref1:1\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:2\">\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647.<a href=\"#fnref1:2\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:3\">\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<a href=\"#fnref1:3\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:4\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a.<a href=\"#fnref1:4\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:5\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629.<a href=\"#fnref1:5\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:6\">\n<p>\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629.<a href=\"#fnref1:6\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:7\">\n<p>\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629.<a href=\"#fnref1:7\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:8\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 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id=\"fn:14\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 GD&amp;T \u0623\u0646 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f.<a href=\"#fnref1:14\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:15\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d.<a href=\"#fnref1:15\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:16\">\n<p>\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642.<a href=\"#fnref1:16\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:17\">\n<p>\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 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\u062a\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631.<a href=\"#fnref1:19\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:20\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0627.<a href=\"#fnref1:20\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Finding the right manufacturing process for complex stainless steel components often feels like navigating a maze of compromises. You need intricate geometries, superior surface finish, and tight tolerances &#8211; but traditional machining wastes material, forging limits complexity, and conventional casting sacrifices precision. Investment casting for stainless steel delivers near-net-shape parts with exceptional surface finish and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":11470,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"none","_seopress_titles_title":"The Ultimate Guide To Stainless Steel Investment Casting","_seopress_titles_desc":"Discover the stainless steel investment casting process for precision parts. Achieve intricate geometries and superior finishes without waste. Learn more now!","_seopress_robots_index":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[28],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11459","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-casting"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11459","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11459"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11459\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11474,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11459\/revisions\/11474"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11470"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11459"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11459"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11459"}],"curies":[{"name":"\u062f\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0628\u064a","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}