{"id":10873,"date":"2025-09-08T20:40:53","date_gmt":"2025-09-08T12:40:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/?p=10873"},"modified":"2025-09-06T20:41:09","modified_gmt":"2025-09-06T12:41:09","slug":"the-ultimate-guide-to-expert-knurling-patterns","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/the-ultimate-guide-to-expert-knurling-patterns\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0641\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642. \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0650\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ptsmake2025.09.06-1511Precision-Machined-Rods.webp\" alt=\"\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\"><figcaption>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0641\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0623\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u064b\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0623\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0644\u0646\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u062f\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0621.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h4>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0639\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064f\u0651\u063a\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062d\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ptsmake2025.09.04-1447Diamond-Knurled-Metal-Shaft-Detail.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629\"><figcaption>\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u0634 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a: \u062a\u0622\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0632\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a. \u0646\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639.<\/p>\n<h4>\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637. \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0642 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0627\u064b (0 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629) \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c 30 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631). \u0647\u0630\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a<\/h4>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629. \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0634\u0637\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u062e\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 <a href=\"https:\/\/khkgears.net\/new\/gear_knowledge\/gear-nomenclature\/diametral-pitch.html\">\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:1\"><a href=\"#fn:1\" class=\"footnote-ref\">1<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631<\/h4>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 Knurl \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0634\u062d\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u0634\u0637\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 - \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646 - \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0636\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u062b\u0644 DIN 82\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0634. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\" \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \"\u062e\u0634\u0646\u064b\u0627\" \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0631 \u0622\u062e\u0631. \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0636.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u062c\u0644\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 DIN 82 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0639 DIN 82<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ptsmake2025.09.04-1449Diamond-Knurled-Metal-Shaft.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\"><figcaption>\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0631\u0634 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 DIN 82 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0630\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0642\u0646\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0641\u0643 \u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646. \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0642 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0636 \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 <strong>\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634<\/strong> \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\" \u0623\u0648 \"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645\". \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0643\u0648\u062f DIN 82<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">RAA<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645 (\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0632\u062e\u0631\u0641\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">RGE<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633 (30 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0636 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">RGV<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633 (45 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u062a\u0642\u0636\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \"RGE 0.8\"\u060c \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/module\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:2\"><a href=\"#fn:2\" class=\"footnote-ref\">2<\/a><\/sup> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0647\u0646\u0627. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064f\u0651\u063a\u0652\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u062b\u0644 DIN 82 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \"\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\" \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0631\u0634\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u0634 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629. \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637.<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637. \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0645\u0647\u0627<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062a\u0631\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0631\u062f\u064a\u0626\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ptsmake2025.09.04-1451Knurled-Shaft-Surface-Quality-Analysis.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u0634 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0636 \u0628\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633\"><figcaption>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u0634<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d (Ra)<\/h4>\n<p>\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d (Ra) \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642. \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0645 Ra \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0649.<\/p>\n<h4>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<h4>\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/h4>\n<p>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0647\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Work_hardening\">\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:3\"><a href=\"#fn:3\" class=\"footnote-ref\">3<\/a><\/sup>\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644. \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d (Ra)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0642<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0631\u0634 \u0646\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u0634 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u062c\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629\u061f \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a. \u0641\u0623\u062f\u0645\u063a\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644. \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0645\u064f\u0631\u0636\u064d \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0627\u064b. \u064a\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0637\u062d\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062f\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633<\/td>\n<td>\u064a\u0634\u062c\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u062f\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621<\/td>\n<td>\u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0645\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ptsmake2025.09.04-1453Diamond-Knurling-Pattern-On-Metal-Shaft.webp\" alt=\"\u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0645\u062e\u0631\u0634 \u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621\"><figcaption>\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0641\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u062b\u0642 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u0631\u064a\u0632\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<h4>\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645<\/h4>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u0634 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0647\u0648 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Haptic_perception\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:4\"><a href=\"#fn:4\" class=\"footnote-ref\">4<\/a><\/sup> \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0639. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0631\u062f\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0641\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0631\u062e\u064a\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0647. \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u0634 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0644\u0627\u0644. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645<\/th>\n<th>\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0644<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633<\/td>\n<td>\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643<\/td>\n<td>\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 Knurling \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0647\u0627. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a<\/h3>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644\/\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0628\u0647\u0627<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0639\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644. \u0648\u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u062a\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0626\u0629. \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u0634.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ptsmake2025.09.06-1513Precision-Machined-Components.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u0634 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\"><figcaption>\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629. \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0646\u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641<\/h3>\n<p>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u0645 \u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b\u061f<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b. \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0622\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0643\u0646\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b. \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0636\u063a\u0637\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062e\u0631\u0641\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u0636\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0642\u0645\u0645 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644. \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/helpx.adobe.com\/substance-3d-stager\/features\/material-displacement.html\">\u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:5\"><a href=\"#fn:5\" class=\"footnote-ref\">5<\/a><\/sup> \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634. \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642. \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u0639 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642. \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u064a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u063a\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u0642\u0637. \u0641\u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0635\u0645\u0645\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0645. \u062f\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u063a\u0631\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0645<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062e\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062a.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ptsmake2025.09.04-1456Various-Knurling-Patterns-On-Metal-Shafts.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u0634\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629\"><figcaption>\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647. \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0646\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0636 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0645<\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0647\u0646\u0627. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645. \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0646\u0627. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0645. \u062a\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0628 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capillary_action\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:6\"><a href=\"#fn:6\" class=\"footnote-ref\">6<\/a><\/sup> \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0648\u0645. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0645.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062e\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0629. \u064a\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0645<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0632\u062e\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0632\u062e\u0631\u0641<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0636\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u062d\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0636 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u0634 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0642\u0628. \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d. \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0636 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u064a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621. \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627. \u064a\u062d\u0643\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0625\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f. \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0628<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0634\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0630\u0627\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064d<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637\/\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u062d\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ptsmake2025.09.04-1458Knurling-Defect-Patterns-On-Metal-Shaft.webp\" alt=\"\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\"><figcaption>\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0642\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639<\/h4>\n<p>\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634. \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0633\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0634\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \"\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u062d\"<\/h4>\n<p>\u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0646\u0645\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0647\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f. \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064f\u0651\u063a\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u0647 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0630\u0627\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064f\u0651\u063a\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0629. \u0633\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064d. \u064a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0631\u062f \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Work_hardening\">\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:7\"><a href=\"#fn:7\" class=\"footnote-ref\">7<\/a><\/sup>\u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0628\u0647<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0630\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0630\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u062d\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637\u061b \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064d<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629\u061b \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0634\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0634\u0629\u061b \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629\u061b \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645. \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0646\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0647.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0649\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634. \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE \u0628\u062a\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634<\/h3>\n<p>\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621: \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644. \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0646\u062c<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0633\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644-\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0646<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ptsmake2025.09.04-1459Material-Groups-For-Knurling-Process-Selection.webp\" alt=\"\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u062e\u0631\u0634\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0651\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\"><figcaption>\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 1: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0641\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646. \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644. \u064a\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u0646\u0645\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 2: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/what-is-stainless-steel-machining\/\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"121\">\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/a> \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u062a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0647\u0646\u0627. \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Work_hardening\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644-\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:8\"><a href=\"#fn:8\" class=\"footnote-ref\">8<\/a><\/sup> \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644. \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 3: \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0646 (POM) \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u0627<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0641\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0644\u0646\u063a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\u060c \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0646\u062c<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0646 (POM)\u060c \u0646\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0646\u060c ABS\u060c ABS<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0646\u062c<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629. \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634. \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u062e\u0634\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0643. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0635\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0628\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a (\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0631)<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 (\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u062b\u0627\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u0639\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ptsmake2025.09.04-1501Macro-Vs-Micro-Knurling-Patterns.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629\"><figcaption>\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631. \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE \u0637\u0631\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a. \u062a\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tribology\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:9\"><a href=\"#fn:9\" class=\"footnote-ref\">9<\/a><\/sup>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645. \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u0644\u0645 \u0630\u0648 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a<\/th>\n<th>\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0648 \u0643\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646\u062c<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0647<\/td>\n<td>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0647\u061b \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0627\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u064a\u0629\u061b \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 SEM\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0636. \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0639\u0631\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0642\u0639\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0628 \u064a\u0646\u062d\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0639\u0631 \u064a\u0646\u062d\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0627\u0621. \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0639\u0631<\/h3>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0628<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0639\u0631<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u064a \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0635<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0632\u062e\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0642\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ptsmake2025.09.04-1503Convex-Versus-Concave-Knurled-Parts.webp\" alt=\"\u0642\u0637\u0639\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u0634\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\"><figcaption>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0639\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u0634\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0634\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0628\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a. \u062a\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0646\u0645\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0639\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631. \u0644\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0647. \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0648\u0651\u0647. \u062e\u0637\u0631 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/0010448592900223\">\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:10\"><a href=\"#fn:10\" class=\"footnote-ref\">10<\/a><\/sup> \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0637\u062f\u0645 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0639\u0631\u060c \u0646\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629. \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641.<\/p>\n<p>\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0628<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0639\u0631<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u0642\u0639\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0628 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0639\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627. \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 Knurl<\/h3>\n<p>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0632\u062c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0636 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0622\u062e\u0631.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0629<\/h4>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645 + \u062d\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0636 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0636 \u0645\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0637\u0648\u0639<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ptsmake2025.09.06-1518Modern-Door-Handle.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0636 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0645\u062e\u0631\u0634 \u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629\"><figcaption>\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0636 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0622\u062e\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645. \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639<\/h3>\n<p>\u0646\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c CAD. \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0622\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0644. \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anisotropy\">\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:11\"><a href=\"#fn:11\" class=\"footnote-ref\">11<\/a><\/sup>\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/5-axis-cnc-machining-slash-costs-boost-precision-full-guidewhat-is-5-axis-cnc-machining\/\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"123\">5 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631 CNC<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0645\u0632\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/unlock-advanced-manufacturing-with-multi-axis-cnc-machining-today\/\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"119\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0628\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639\" \u0647\u0648 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0634\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0646\u0645\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0621 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0633\u064a\u0626\u0627\u064b \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0636\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0639\u064a\u062f. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u063a\u0641\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0647\u0645<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u062c\u064a\u062f<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u062e\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0633\u064a\u0621<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ptsmake2025.09.04-1506Precision-Diamond-Knurling-Pattern-On-Metal-Shaft.webp\" alt=\"\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0651\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u062e\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0643\"><figcaption>\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064f\u0651\u063a\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u0623\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0633. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0637\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645. \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0647\u0646\u0627. \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0623\u062e\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0636\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\" \u0623\u0648 \"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0634\u0631\".<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0622\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0637\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u0646\u0627\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641. \u0646\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/khkgears.net\/new\/gear_knowledge\/gear-nomenclature\/circular-pitch.html\">\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:12\"><a href=\"#fn:12\" class=\"footnote-ref\">12<\/a><\/sup>. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0639\u0628<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d (\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u0634 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0630\u0627\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064f\u0651\u063a\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0628\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629\u060c \u064a\u064f\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644. \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0643\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0639\u0628<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644\/\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u062a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ptsmake2025.09.04-1508Custom-Knurled-Aluminum-Shaft-Patterns.webp\" alt=\"\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629\"><figcaption>\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0636\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0645\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646. \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u0624\u0643\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0641 V \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f. \u062d\u062f\u062f \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644 (TPI \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a) \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<p>\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0647\u0646\u0643. \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621. \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634. \u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u064a\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f. \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metrology\">\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:13\"><a href=\"#fn:13\" class=\"footnote-ref\">13<\/a><\/sup> \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0628 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u060c R0.2 \u0645\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">105\u00b0 +\/- 1\u00b0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">0.35 \u0645\u0645 REF<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u00d8<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">25.4 \u0645\u0645 + 0.00\/-0.15 \u0645\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">Ra 1.6 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0643\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0628\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0647\u0627. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d \u064a\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0647\u0648 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0634\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627. \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629:<\/strong> \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a:<\/strong> \u0645\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u0621<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u063a\u0632\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u060c \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ptsmake2025.09.04-1510Thin-Walled-Knurled-Aluminum-Tube.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646\"><figcaption>\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0631\u0634\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0650\u0637\u0639 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634. \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0639 \u0636\u063a\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0635<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0635 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u062c\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \"\u0628\u0642\u0631\u0635\" \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0636\u063a\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0644\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0635\u064a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0650\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u063a\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0632\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0635\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0639 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/deformation\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:14\"><a href=\"#fn:14\" class=\"footnote-ref\">14<\/a><\/sup> \u064a\u0643\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b. \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0632. \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u0647\u062c\u0627\u064b \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0642. \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0645\u063a\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0635<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>3. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0636\u063a\u0637\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>4. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0641\u0642<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>5. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0634<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0647<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0647. \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0635 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0647\u0648 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0639\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u064a. \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0633\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 Knurl<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0627\u0645<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0628\u0648\u0637\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ptsmake2025.09.04-1511Medical-Implant-Knurled-Surface-Texture.webp\" alt=\"\u063a\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629\"><figcaption>\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u0634 \u0644\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645. \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0646\u0631\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Osteoblast\">\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:15\"><a href=\"#fn:15\" class=\"footnote-ref\">15<\/a><\/sup>\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n<h4>\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/h4>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u062a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0644\u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<h4>\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0628\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0639\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0642\u0641\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0642\u0648\u064a. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 Knurl<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628\u0647\u0627\u061b \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0627\u0645.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0643\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062e\u0631\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631. \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c\/\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0632\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0636<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0648\u062d\u064a \u0628\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062d\u0643\u064a \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ptsmake2025.09.04-1513Luxury-Watch-Crown-Knurling-Details.webp\" alt=\"\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0637\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\"><figcaption>\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0629\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u0634 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0642\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629. \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0642\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0625\u0643\u0633\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628<\/h3>\n<p>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0636. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0632\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0637\u0645\u0626\u0646\u0627\u064b. \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Haptic_technology\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:16\"><a href=\"#fn:16\" class=\"footnote-ref\">16<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0651\u0645. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u0649<\/h3>\n<p>\u0636\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629. \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0636 \u0645\u062e\u0631\u0634 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629. \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0636\u0628\u0648\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0636<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u064b \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a (AM) \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0644\u0629. \u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629. \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u062e\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0643\u062a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646\u062c \u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c AM-\u0645\u064f\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u062e\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644. \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0636 \u0645\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u064a. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ptsmake2025.09.04-15153D-Printed-Knurled-Handle-Manufacturing.webp\" alt=\"\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0636 \u0645\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0645\u062e\u0631\u0634 \u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0643\"><figcaption>\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0636 \u0645\u062e\u0631\u0634 \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0642<\/h3>\n<p>\u0645\u0639 AM\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b. \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u0623\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u062a\u0643.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0636\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644. \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0628\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.autodesk.com\/solutions\/generative-design\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:17\"><a href=\"#fn:17\" class=\"footnote-ref\">17<\/a><\/sup> \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u062a\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0646\u062c AM<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0636 \u0645\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0633.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u0633\u0637\u062d \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0636 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062e\u0635\u061f<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627. \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0643. \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 <strong>\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634<\/strong> \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629. \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ptsmake2025.09.04-1517Various-Textured-Metal-Grip-Handles.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u062e\u0631\u0634\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\"><figcaption>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0636 \u0642\u0628\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. <a href=\"https:\/\/formlabs.com\/blog\/overmolding-insert-molding\/?srsltid=AfmBOoroh-qjVF5qiJlQgqN-pdMsWHFNCxJ6n9XtpQL_0RAqxFQ8B4Fh\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:18\"><a href=\"#fn:18\" class=\"footnote-ref\">18<\/a><\/sup> \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0636 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645. \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0637\u0623\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0646\u0627:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 (\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646\u062c<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062c\u064a\u062f \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637-\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629-\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629-\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062c\u064a\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0622\u0644\u0629)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629-\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062c\u0645\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0631\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637\u0647\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629. \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0636 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644. \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\/\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0636\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ptsmake2025.09.04-1518Advanced-Knurled-Metal-Handle-Surface.webp\" alt=\"\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b\"><figcaption>\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u0628. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0644\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u0627. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637. \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0648 \u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE\u060c \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621. \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u062e\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.autodesk.com\/solutions\/generative-design\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:19\"><a href=\"#fn:19\" class=\"footnote-ref\">19<\/a><\/sup>\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0643\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0637\u062d \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0651\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0641\u062a\u062d \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 PTSMAKE<\/h2>\n<p>\u0647\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629\u061f \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628 PTSMAKE \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645. \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a - \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c!<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/contact\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/PTSMAKE-Inquiry-image-1500.jpg\" alt=\"\u0627\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 - PTSMAKE\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"footnotes\">\n<hr \/>\n<ol>\n<li id=\"fn:1\">\n<p>\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<a href=\"#fnref1:1\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:2\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642.<a href=\"#fnref1:2\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:3\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u0634\u0651\u0629.<a href=\"#fnref1:3\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:4\">\n<p>\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647.<a href=\"#fnref1:4\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:5\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0650\u0637\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<a href=\"#fnref1:5\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:6\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629.<a href=\"#fnref1:6\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:7\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<a href=\"#fnref1:7\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:8\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a.<a href=\"#fnref1:8\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:9\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629.<a href=\"#fnref1:9\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:10\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629.<a href=\"#fnref1:10\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:11\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629.<a href=\"#fnref1:11\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:12\">\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a.<a href=\"#fnref1:12\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:13\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629.<a href=\"#fnref1:13\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:14\">\n<p>\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643.<a href=\"#fnref1:14\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:15\">\n<p>\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0639.<a href=\"#fnref1:15\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:16\">\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647.<a href=\"#fnref1:16\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:17\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629.<a href=\"#fnref1:17\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:18\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f.<a href=\"#fnref1:18\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:19\">\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646.<a href=\"#fnref1:19\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Getting consistent, professional-looking knurling patterns remains one of the most challenging aspects of precision machining. Many manufacturers struggle with pattern doubling, uneven depth, and tracking issues that result in costly rework and rejected parts. Knurling patterns are defined by mathematical variables including pitch, helix angle, tooth geometry, and depth, with success depending on proper tool [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":10902,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"none","_seopress_titles_title":"The Ultimate Guide to Expert Knurling Patterns","_seopress_titles_desc":"Unlock expert knurling techniques with PTSMAKE. Overcome challenges in pitch, angle, and depth for precise patterns in automotive, medical, and electronics.","_seopress_robots_index":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10873","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-design"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10873","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10873"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10873\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10922,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10873\/revisions\/10922"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10902"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10873"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10873"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10873"}],"curies":[{"name":"\u062f\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0628\u064a","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}