{"id":10717,"date":"2025-09-03T10:40:01","date_gmt":"2025-09-03T02:40:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/?p=10717"},"modified":"2025-09-03T11:09:50","modified_gmt":"2025-09-03T03:09:50","slug":"the-complete-engineers-guide-to-metal-fatigue-analysis-in-20-steps","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/the-complete-engineers-guide-to-metal-fatigue-analysis-in-20-steps\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u064a 20 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 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src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ptsmake2025.09.01-1607Broken-Metal-Shaft-Showing-Fatigue-Cracks.webp\" alt=\"\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\"><figcaption>\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u0651\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0643<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a. \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Slip_bands_in_metals\">\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:1\"><a href=\"#fn:1\" class=\"footnote-ref\">1<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0621\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0650\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0628\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0631\u0646\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a. \u064a\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 (S-N)\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 S-N\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a (S) \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 (N).<\/p>\n<h3>\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0648\u0636\u0650\u0651\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0648\u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 <code>\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646<\/code>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ptsmake2025.09.01-1608Metal-Shafts-And-Gears-With-Fatigue-Signs.webp\" alt=\"\u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629\"><figcaption>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0621<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 S-N \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0634\u0644. \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/differences-between-brass-bronze-and-copper\/\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"37\">\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0635\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062f. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \"\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\". \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f. \u0625\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/sdcverifier.com\/structural-engineering-101\/how-to-calculate-fatigue-strength-hand-calculations\/\">\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:2\"><a href=\"#fn:2\" class=\"footnote-ref\">2<\/a><\/sup> \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 S-N \u0628\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 <code>\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646<\/code>.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0636\u0639\u0641. \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 Kt\u060c \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>Kt \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062b\u0642\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u062e\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0637\u0633<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ptsmake2025.09.01-1610Mechanical-Component-With-Stress-Concentration-Features.webp\" alt=\"\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\"><figcaption>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0636\u062e\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fatigue_(material)\">\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:3\"><a href=\"#fn:3\" class=\"footnote-ref\">3<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0643\u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642. \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642 \u0635\u062e\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0631. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u062e\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0647 Kt\u060c \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0635\u062f\u0639 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0621 (Kf)<\/h3>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 Kt \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0634\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628 (Kf) \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0634\u0642.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630 Kf \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 Kt \u0648Kf \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0643.\u062a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0643 \u0641<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 Kt. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f. \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0634\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u060c Kf\u060c \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u063a\u0637.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f. \u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629. \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627. \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0642<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 (Ra)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0642<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0646<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">&gt; 3.2 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0637\u062d\u0646<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">0.4 - 1.6 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062c\u064a\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0639<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">&lt; 0.4 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0642\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 (\u064a\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ptsmake2025.09.01-1611Polished-Metal-Gear-Surface-Detail.webp\" alt=\"\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\"><figcaption>\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u063a\u0648\u0635 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642: \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0642\u0645\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0623\u0642\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u062d\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a. \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Residual_stress\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:4\"><a href=\"#fn:4\" class=\"footnote-ref\">4<\/a><\/sup> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0628\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f<\/h4>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u063a\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0627. \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u062f\u0642 \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0637\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0637\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0636\u0627\u063a\u0637\/\u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0639<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f\/\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0642\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u063a\u0627\u0637<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/complete-practical-guide-to-the-anodizing-process-for-aluminum-alloys\/\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"35\">\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/a> \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d. \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0644. \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u061f<\/p>\n<h3>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637. \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a. \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646. \u064a\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (HCF)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">&gt; 100,000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 (LCF)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">&lt; 100,000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u060c \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0647.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ptsmake2025.09.01-1613Metal-Component-Stress-Concentration-Analysis.webp\" alt=\"\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629\"><figcaption>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (HCF)<\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u064a HCF\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0650\u0651\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0638\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0643\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0633\u0637. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0636 \u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 (LCF)<\/h3>\n<p>\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 LCF. \u0647\u0646\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plasticity_(physics)\">\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:5\"><a href=\"#fn:5\" class=\"footnote-ref\">5<\/a><\/sup>. \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f. \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b. \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f - \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a - \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 LCF\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 (LCF)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 (HCF)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0646\u064b\u0627. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628 \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0621\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0636. \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627. \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0623 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642<\/h3>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0623\u062e\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u064a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628 (\u03c3'f)<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628 (\u03b5'f)<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u064f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a (\u0646')<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u03c3'f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u03b5'f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">n'<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f-\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 <strong>\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ptsmake2025.09.01-1614Metal-Parts-Showing-Fatigue-Characteristics.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629\"><figcaption>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0621<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b. \u0648\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628 (\u03c3'f)<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629. \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u03c3'f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628 (\u03b5'f)<\/h3>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644. \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0623\u064f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a (\u0646')<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 n' \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f-\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 (\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628) \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0641 (\u062a\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646) \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 <a href=\"https:\/\/community.sw.siemens.com\/s\/article\/The-Strain-Life-Approach\">\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629-\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629-\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:6\"><a href=\"#fn:6\" class=\"footnote-ref\">6<\/a><\/sup> \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u03c3'f (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0627\u0635\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u03b5'f (\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0627\u0635\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0646' (\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u064f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f - \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f - \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0643. \u064a\u062a\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f. \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f - \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f (S-N) \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 (HCF). \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 100,000 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629. \u0647\u0646\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f (E-N) \u0647\u0648 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 (LCF). \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0630\u0644\u0643:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f-\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 (\u0633-\u0646)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 (E-N)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (HCF)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 (LCF)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">&gt; 10^5 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">&lt; 10^5 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0631\u0646-\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ptsmake2025.09.01-1616Precision-Aluminum-Aerospace-Component-Testing.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0636\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\"><figcaption>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0643<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE. \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0645\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 (\u0633-\u0646) \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f-\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 S-N \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0639\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629. \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 S-N \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u064a\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 \u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0645\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 (E-N)<\/h4>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 E-N \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plasticity_(physics)\">\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:7\"><a href=\"#fn:7\" class=\"footnote-ref\">7<\/a><\/sup> \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b. \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a. \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a LCF \u0647\u0630\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f-\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 (\u0633-\u0646)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0641\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 (E-N)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0632\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0646\u064b\u0627. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646 (LEFM) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0633\u0623\u0644 <em>\u0625\u0630\u0627<\/em> \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621. \u0646\u0637\u0644\u0628 <em>\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a<\/em> \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 LEFM<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 LEFM \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642. \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>LEFM<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ptsmake2025.09.01-1617Metal-Aircraft-Wing-Component-With-Visible-Crack.webp\" alt=\"\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0643\u0633\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642\"><figcaption>\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0634\u0631\u062e \u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0648 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u062d\u0631\u062c \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642<\/h4>\n<p>\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 (da\/dN):<\/strong> \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644. \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 <code>\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646<\/code>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a (RUL):<\/strong> \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u062c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Damage_tolerance\">\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:8\"><a href=\"#fn:8\" class=\"footnote-ref\">8<\/a><\/sup> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629. \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 RUL<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1. \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0644<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2. \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 LEFM \u0644\u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>3. \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0644\u0640 RUL.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a (da\/dN)\u060c \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0632\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0623 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0647.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0632\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u062b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ptsmake2025.09.01-1619Cracked-Metal-Turbine-Blade-With-Corrosion.webp\" alt=\"\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629\"><figcaption>\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644: \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644. \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629. \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u062d\u0641\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electrochemistry\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:9\"><a href=\"#fn:9\" class=\"footnote-ref\">9<\/a><\/sup> \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0639 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u063a\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u062d\u062f\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/what-is-stainless-steel-machining\/\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"39\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/a> \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0630\u0628\u0630\u0628 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f. \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0634. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646\/\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0622\u0632\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0625\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f. \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a <code>\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646<\/code> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u060c \u062d\u062f \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u062d\u062f \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621. \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0642<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u062d\u062f \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062d\u062f \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u063a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ptsmake2025.09.01-1620Different-Metallic-Alloy-Samples-Collection.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629\"><figcaption>\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0647 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0642\u0630 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 S-N<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 <a href=\"https:\/\/help.solidworks.com\/2023\/english\/SolidWorks\/cworks\/c_sn_curve.htm\">\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 S-N<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:10\"><a href=\"#fn:10\" class=\"footnote-ref\">10<\/a><\/sup>\u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0637\u062d \u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0638\u0644\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0650\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 S-N \u0645\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \"\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629\" \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641\".<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646. \u0648\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 (Al\u060c Ti)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0646\/\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 <code>\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646<\/code> \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0644 - \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 - \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 (LCF)\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (HCF) \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 (LCF) \u0636\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644. \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643 HCF \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f. \u062a\u0646\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629. \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0646\u0628\u0631\u0643 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 LCF \u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f. \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a <strong>\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/h3>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (HCF)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 (LCF)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ptsmake2025.09.01-1622Metal-Component-Stress-Deformation-Analysis.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629\"><figcaption>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0643 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 (HCF): \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u0641\u064a HCF\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0650\u0651\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644. \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0628\u0637\u0621 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 (LCF): \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b LCF \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.plasticity.xyz\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0629<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:11\"><a href=\"#fn:11\" class=\"footnote-ref\">11<\/a><\/sup>\u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 100,000 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f. \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 Coffin-Manson. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u064a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f. \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 LCF \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0648\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a. \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0636\u062f <code>\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646<\/code>.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0646\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637. \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0636\u0639\u0641. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064d.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0636\u063a\u0627\u0637\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0642\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u062f\u0642<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ptsmake2025.09.01-1623Metal-Components-With-Enhanced-Fatigue-Resistance.webp\" alt=\"\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629\"><figcaption>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628 \u0646\u0647\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647. \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637. \u0628\u0644 \u0646\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0633\u062a\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0630\u0643\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0633\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u0635\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u062b\u0642\u0628 \u062d\u0627\u062f \u0643\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0639. \u0646\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637. \u0641\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a. \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anisotropy\">\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:12\"><a href=\"#fn:12\" class=\"footnote-ref\">12<\/a><\/sup> \u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0627\u063a\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u062f\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u062e\u0641\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u062e\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0630\u064a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0642\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0636\u0627\u063a\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0633\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u0629. \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f. \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642. \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0642<\/h3>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0642<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0630\u0631\u0647.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 (HAZ).<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0634\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0634\u062f \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0631\u0651\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ptsmake2025.09.01-1625Welded-Metal-Joint-With-Heat-Affected-Zone.webp\" alt=\"\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\"><figcaption>\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f. \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0636\u062e\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0642. \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0628\u0625\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 (HAZ). \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Microstructure\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:13\"><a href=\"#fn:13\" class=\"footnote-ref\">13<\/a><\/sup> \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0635\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0642<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>HAZ<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0634. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u0647. \u062a\u062d\u0628\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f: \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0634\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a (CAE) \u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0621. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 CAE \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0640 CAE<\/h3>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 1: \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 (FEA)<\/h4>\n<p>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c FEA. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 2: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0646\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644. \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 S-N \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0621.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 3: \u062d\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628<\/h4>\n<p>\u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u062d\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c. \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ptsmake2025.09.01-1626Automotive-Brake-Disc-Fatigue-Analysis.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644\"><figcaption>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0631\u0635 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644 CAE \u0642\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u0642\u0637. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644<\/h3>\n<h4>\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c FEA <em>\u062d\u064a\u062b<\/em> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u062e\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062d\u0644\u0650\u0651\u0644 <em>\u0643\u064a\u0641<\/em> \u0633\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 <strong>\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h4>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/h4>\n<p>\u0646\u062d\u062f\u062f \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<h4>\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a<\/h4>\n<p>\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062c\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rainflow-counting_algorithm\">\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:14\"><a href=\"#fn:14\" class=\"footnote-ref\">14<\/a><\/sup> \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629.<\/p>\n<h4>\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0650\u0651\u0644<\/h4>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628 \u0643\u0622\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 FEA\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>FEA<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\/\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0642<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 (\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\/\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a CAE \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062f\u0645\u062c FEA \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 S-N \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0647 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0646\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629. \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0626 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u062a\u0636\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ptsmake2025.09.01-1628Metal-Fatigue-Test-Specimens-Design.webp\" alt=\"\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\"><figcaption>\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0646\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f. \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gdandtbasics.com\/runout\/\">\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u062f<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:15\"><a href=\"#fn:15\" class=\"footnote-ref\">15<\/a><\/sup>. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d. \u062f\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0627 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/mastering-complex-cnc-machining-key-design-cost-strategies\/\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"33\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a<\/a> \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 <code>\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646<\/code>.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u062f \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \"\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\".<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0624\u0649 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 S-N \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0642\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u064a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">5<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u064a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ptsmake2025.09.01-1630Cracked-Aluminum-Aerospace-Bracket-Component.webp\" alt=\"\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0637\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629\"><figcaption>\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0648\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062f\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u0628. \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0642\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u064a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062c\u0646\u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 1: \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644<\/h4>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644. \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u062d\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0631. \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fractography\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:16\"><a href=\"#fn:16\" class=\"footnote-ref\">16<\/a><\/sup> \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0639 \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 2: \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/h4>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0646\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a. \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0646 3 \u06484: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644<\/h4>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644. \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u063a\u0627\u0637\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 5: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d. \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0644. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d \u062d\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0643\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u062d\u0643\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644. \u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0623\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0631<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629. \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0647<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0639<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ptsmake2025.09.01-1631Fractured-Metal-Aircraft-Engine-Component-Analysis.webp\" alt=\"\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0634\u0644 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642\"><figcaption>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0631<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0631<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0631\u0624\u0649 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062b\u0642\u0628\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637. \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631<\/h4>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \"\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0627\u0637\u0626\u064a\u0629\" \u0623\u0648 \"\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0635\u062f\u0641\u064a\u0629\". \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0639.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0637\u0621 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642. \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642. \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644\u064b\u0627. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/striation\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:17\"><a href=\"#fn:17\" class=\"footnote-ref\">17<\/a><\/sup>\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0637 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0626<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0628\u0637\u0621 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/h4>\n<p>\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062e\u0634\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062d\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u0637\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644. \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u062d\u062f\u062b \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0626\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/what-causes-a-pump-shaft-to-break\/\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"41\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644<\/a>\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0648\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<h2>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a: \u062a\u062d\u0637\u0645 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u064a \u0647\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u062a.<\/h2>\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u064a \u0647\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u062a \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0625\u064a\u0630\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0637\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062e\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u064a.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0646\u0628<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645:<\/strong> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/strong> \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a:<\/strong> \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ptsmake2025.09.01-1633Aircraft-Window-Frame-Metal-Fatigue-Analysis.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\"><figcaption>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0646\u0628 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0646\u0628 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0636\u063a\u0637. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u064a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637.<\/p>\n<p>\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0647 <a href=\"https:\/\/rexarc.com\/blog\/what-is-cyclic-loading\/\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:18\"><a href=\"#fn:18\" class=\"footnote-ref\">18<\/a><\/sup> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0644\u062f \u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<h4>\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644<\/h4>\n<p>\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0642\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b. \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646. \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u062a\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u062c\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0632\u0642 \u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0645\u064f\u0631\u0643\u0650\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0630<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0646\u0628 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u0631\u0633 \u0625\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b \u062a\u062d\u0637\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0646\u0651\u0628 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644. \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n<h2>\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644. \u062b\u0645 \u0646\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">1. \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">2. \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">3. \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 (FEA)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">4. \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ptsmake2025.09.01-1634Heavy-Duty-Steel-Freight-Train-Axle.webp\" alt=\"\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0643\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646\"><figcaption>\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h3>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u062d\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645<\/h3>\n<p>\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631. \u0625\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u062d. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644 <strong>\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629<\/h4>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u064b\u0627. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 (FEA). \u0646\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627 FEA \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n<h4>\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a<\/h4>\n<p>\u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f. \u0641\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0651\u0644 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0644. \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 <a href=\"https:\/\/help.reliasoft.com\/articles\/content\/hotwire\/issue116\/hottopics116.htm\">\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u0645<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:19\"><a href=\"#fn:19\" class=\"footnote-ref\">19<\/a><\/sup> \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0628\u0624\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c FEA<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u064a<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 - \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 FEA\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628 - \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u062f\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629. \u0641\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646. \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062d\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a. \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0636\u0631\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u063a\u0641\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0621<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a S-N \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f-\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062d\u0641<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ptsmake2025.09.01-1636Temperature-Induced-Metal-Component-Damage.webp\" alt=\"\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629\"><figcaption>\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u062b \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0646\u060c \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u061f \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629. \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a S-N \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a E-N \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062d\u0641. \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a PTSMAKE\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a PTSMAKE \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636. \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a. \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0645\u062b\u0644 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arrhenius_equation\">\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0647\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0633<\/a><sup id=\"fnref1:20\"><a href=\"#fn:20\" class=\"footnote-ref\">20<\/a><\/sup> \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062d\u0641.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 S-N<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 + \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u0645<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062d\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 PTSMAKE<\/h2>\n<p>\u0647\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u061f \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 PTSMAKE \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645 \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0646. \u062f\u0639 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627 - \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/contact\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/PTSMAKE-Inquiry-image-1500.jpg\" alt=\"\u0627\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 - PTSMAKE\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"footnotes\">\n<hr \/>\n<ol>\n<li id=\"fn:1\">\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0634\u0631\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a.<a href=\"#fnref1:1\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:2\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 S-N.<a href=\"#fnref1:2\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:3\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f.<a href=\"#fnref1:3\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:4\">\n<p>\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629.<a href=\"#fnref1:4\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:5\">\n<p>\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0621.<a href=\"#fnref1:5\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:6\">\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629.<a href=\"#fnref1:6\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:7\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621.<a href=\"#fnref1:7\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:8\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628.<a href=\"#fnref1:8\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:9\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0651\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627.<a href=\"#fnref1:9\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:10\">\n<p>\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 S-N \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f.<a href=\"#fnref1:10\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:11\">\n<p>\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621.<a href=\"#fnref1:11\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:12\">\n<p>\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f.<a href=\"#fnref1:12\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:13\">\n<p>\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a.<a href=\"#fnref1:13\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:14\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f 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\u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644.<a href=\"#fnref1:18\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:19\">\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629.<a href=\"#fnref1:19\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"fn:20\">\n<p>\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062d\u0641.<a href=\"#fnref1:20\" rev=\"footnote\" class=\"footnote-backref\">\u21a9<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Metal fatigue failures happen without warning, often at stress levels well below what engineers expect. Your carefully calculated safety margins become meaningless when microscopic cracks grow silently through critical components, leading to catastrophic failures that could have been prevented. Metal fatigue analysis requires a systematic 20-step approach that covers stress-life curves, strain-life methods, fracture mechanics, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":10697,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"none","_seopress_titles_title":"The Complete Engineer\u2019s Guide to Metal Fatigue Analysis in 20 Steps","_seopress_titles_desc":"Prevent metal fatigue failures with expert strategies. Discover 20 steps to analyze fatigue, from stress-life curves to fracture mechanics, in engineering.","_seopress_robots_index":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10717","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-design"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10717","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10717"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10717\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10788,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10717\/revisions\/10788"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10697"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10717"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10717"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ptsmake.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10717"}],"curies":[{"name":"\u062f\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0628\u064a","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}